Embryology

8.

Fetal Membranes and Placenta

8.1.

8.1.1.

Development of the Placenta

8.1.2.

Fetal Component

8.1.3.

Maternal Component

8.1.4.

Placental Circulation

8.1.4.1.

Maternal Blood Flow

8.1.4.2.

Fetal Blood Flow

8.1.5.

Placental Barrier

8.1.6.

Placental Functions

8.1.6.1.

8.1.6.2.

8.1.6.3.

8.1.6.4.

Endocrine Functions

8.1.6.4.1.

8.1.6.4.2.

8.1.6.4.3.

8.1.6.4.4.

8.2.

The Amnion and Amniotic Fluid

8.2.1.

Formation of the Amnion

8.2.2.

Composition of Amniotic Fluid

8.2.3.

Functions of Amniotic Fluid

8.2.4.

Amniotic Fluid Disorders

8.2.4.1.

Oligohydramnios

8.2.4.2.

8.3.

8.3.1.

Early Hematopoiesis

8.3.2.

Nutritional Role

8.3.3.

Allantois Formation

8.4.

8.4.1.

Role in Early Blood Formation

8.4.2.

Contribution to Umbilical Vessels

8.5.

8.5.1.

Chorionic Villi

8.5.2.

8.5.3.

Chorion Frondosum

8.6.

The Umbilical Cord

8.6.1.

Formation and Structure

8.6.2.

Vessels of the Umbilical Cord

8.6.3.

Wharton's Jelly

8.7.

Multiple Pregnancies

8.7.1.

Dizygotic Twins

8.7.1.1.

Mechanism of Formation

8.7.1.2.

Placental Arrangements

8.7.2.

Monozygotic Twins

8.7.2.1.

Timing of Division

8.7.2.2.

Types of Monozygotic Twinning

8.7.2.3.

Shared vs. Separate Membranes

8.7.3.

Higher-Order Multiples

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7. The Fetal Period

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9. Clinical Embryology and Teratology