Electrochemistry

  1. Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
    1. Principles of Electrolysis
      1. Non-Spontaneous Reactions
        1. External Energy Requirements
          1. Conversion of Electrical to Chemical Energy
            1. Direction of Electron Flow
              1. Minimum Voltage Requirements
              2. Comparison with Galvanic Cells
                1. Electrode Sign Conventions
                  1. Energy Flow Direction
                    1. Spontaneity Differences
                      1. Construction Similarities and Differences
                      2. Components of Electrolytic Cells
                        1. External Power Supply
                          1. DC Voltage Source
                            1. Current Control
                              1. Voltage Requirements
                              2. Electrodes in Electrolysis
                                1. Anode (Positive Terminal)
                                  1. Site of Oxidation
                                    1. Electron Removal
                                    2. Cathode (Negative Terminal)
                                      1. Site of Reduction
                                        1. Electron Supply
                                        2. Electrode Materials
                                          1. Inert Electrodes
                                            1. Active Electrodes
                                              1. Electrode Degradation
                                            2. Electrolytes
                                              1. Molten Salt Electrolytes
                                                1. Aqueous Solution Electrolytes
                                                  1. Ionic Conductivity Requirements
                                                    1. Electrolyte Selection Criteria
                                                  2. Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis
                                                    1. Faraday's First Law
                                                      1. Proportionality of Mass and Charge
                                                        1. Mathematical Expression
                                                          1. Practical Applications
                                                          2. Faraday's Second Law
                                                            1. Equivalent Weight Concept
                                                              1. Multiple Ion Systems
                                                                1. Comparative Electrolysis
                                                                2. The Faraday Constant
                                                                  1. Definition and Value (96,485 C/mol)
                                                                    1. Relationship to Avogadro's Number
                                                                      1. Use in Quantitative Calculations
                                                                      2. Electrolysis Calculations
                                                                        1. Moles of Electrons
                                                                          1. Current-Time Relationships
                                                                            1. Mass of Products
                                                                              1. Volume of Gases Produced
                                                                                1. Efficiency Calculations
                                                                              2. Predicting Electrolysis Products
                                                                                1. Electrolysis of Molten Salts
                                                                                  1. Cation Reduction at Cathode
                                                                                    1. Anion Oxidation at Anode
                                                                                      1. Simple Product Prediction
                                                                                        1. Industrial Applications
                                                                                        2. Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions
                                                                                          1. Competition Between Water and Ions
                                                                                            1. Water Reduction Potential
                                                                                              1. Water Oxidation Potential
                                                                                                1. Preferential Discharge Rules
                                                                                                  1. Effect of Concentration
                                                                                                    1. Effect of pH
                                                                                                      1. Overpotential Considerations
                                                                                                        1. Definition and Causes
                                                                                                          1. Kinetic vs Thermodynamic Control
                                                                                                            1. Effect on Product Selection
                                                                                                          2. Complex Electrolysis Systems
                                                                                                            1. Multiple Competing Reactions
                                                                                                              1. Selective Electrolysis
                                                                                                                1. pH Changes During Electrolysis

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                                                                                                            2. Electrochemical Cells and Thermodynamics

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                                                                                                            4. Practical Applications and Technologies