Electrochemistry

  1. Electrochemical Cells and Thermodynamics
    1. Galvanic Cells
      1. Principles of Spontaneous Reactions
        1. Spontaneity in Redox Reactions
          1. Conversion of Chemical Energy to Electrical Energy
            1. Direction of Electron Flow
              1. Driving Force for Cell Reactions
              2. Components of a Galvanic Cell
                1. Half-Cells
                  1. Definition and Function
                    1. Metal-Metal Ion Half-Cells
                      1. Gas Electrode Half-Cells
                        1. Inert Electrode Half-Cells
                        2. Electrodes
                          1. Anode Definition and Function
                            1. Site of Oxidation
                              1. Electron Release
                                1. Negative Terminal
                                2. Cathode Definition and Function
                                  1. Site of Reduction
                                    1. Electron Acceptance
                                      1. Positive Terminal
                                      2. Inert Electrodes
                                        1. Platinum Electrodes
                                          1. Graphite Electrodes
                                            1. Applications and Limitations
                                          2. Electrolyte Solutions
                                            1. Role in Ion Transport
                                              1. Ionic Conductivity
                                                1. Types of Electrolytes
                                                  1. Concentration Effects
                                                  2. Salt Bridge
                                                    1. Function in Maintaining Circuit
                                                      1. Ion Migration Mechanism
                                                        1. Maintaining Electrical Neutrality
                                                          1. Types of Salt Bridges
                                                            1. Alternative: Porous Disk
                                                            2. External Circuit
                                                              1. Pathway for Electron Flow
                                                                1. Measurement Devices
                                                                  1. Load Resistance Effects
                                                                2. Cell Potential and Electromotive Force
                                                                  1. Definition of Cell Potential
                                                                    1. Measurement in Volts
                                                                      1. Significance of Positive Values
                                                                        1. Significance of Negative Values
                                                                          1. Maximum Work Available
                                                                          2. Standard Conditions
                                                                            1. Temperature (25°C)
                                                                              1. Pressure (1 atm)
                                                                                1. Concentration (1 M)
                                                                                2. Standard Hydrogen Electrode
                                                                                  1. Construction Details
                                                                                    1. Operating Conditions
                                                                                      1. Reference Potential (0.00 V)
                                                                                        1. Practical Limitations
                                                                                        2. Standard Electrode Potentials
                                                                                          1. Definition and Convention
                                                                                            1. Reduction Potential Tables
                                                                                              1. Organization and Interpretation
                                                                                                1. Relative Oxidizing Power
                                                                                                  1. Relative Reducing Power
                                                                                                  2. Calculating Standard Cell Potential
                                                                                                    1. Formula: E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode
                                                                                                      1. Sign Conventions
                                                                                                        1. Predicting Reaction Spontaneity
                                                                                                    2. Cell Notation and Diagrams
                                                                                                      1. Standard Cell Notation
                                                                                                        1. Anode Representation
                                                                                                          1. Cathode Representation
                                                                                                            1. Phase Boundaries
                                                                                                              1. Salt Bridge Notation
                                                                                                              2. Reading Cell Diagrams
                                                                                                                1. Writing Cell Notation from Descriptions
                                                                                                                  1. Concentration Specifications
                                                                                                                2. Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells
                                                                                                                  1. Gibbs Free Energy and Cell Potential
                                                                                                                    1. Fundamental Relationship: ΔG = -nFE
                                                                                                                      1. Number of Electrons Transferred
                                                                                                                        1. Faraday Constant
                                                                                                                          1. Interpreting ΔG Values
                                                                                                                            1. Interpreting E Values
                                                                                                                            2. Spontaneity Criteria
                                                                                                                              1. ΔG < 0 for Spontaneous Reactions
                                                                                                                                1. E > 0 for Spontaneous Reactions
                                                                                                                                  1. Relationship to Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                  2. Cell Potential and Equilibrium Constant
                                                                                                                                    1. Derivation: E° = (RT/nF)ln(K)
                                                                                                                                      1. Calculating Equilibrium Constants
                                                                                                                                        1. Temperature Dependence
                                                                                                                                          1. Relationship Between K and Spontaneity
                                                                                                                                          2. Standard Formation Potentials
                                                                                                                                            1. Temperature Effects on Cell Potential
                                                                                                                                            2. The Nernst Equation
                                                                                                                                              1. Theoretical Derivation
                                                                                                                                                1. From Thermodynamic Principles
                                                                                                                                                  1. Role of Concentration
                                                                                                                                                    1. Role of Temperature
                                                                                                                                                    2. Mathematical Formulation
                                                                                                                                                      1. General Form
                                                                                                                                                        1. Simplified Form at 25°C
                                                                                                                                                          1. Logarithmic vs Natural Logarithm Forms
                                                                                                                                                          2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                            1. Non-Standard Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                              1. Temperature Variations
                                                                                                                                                                1. Pressure Effects for Gas Electrodes
                                                                                                                                                                  1. pH Effects
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Concentration Cells
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Principle of Operation
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Identical Electrodes with Different Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Calculating Concentration Cell Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Practical Applications
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Electrode Kinetics
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Activation Energy in Electrode Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Exchange Current Density
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Overpotential
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Activation Overpotential
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Concentration Overpotential
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Resistance Overpotential
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Tafel Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Butler-Volmer Equation

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                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fundamentals of Redox Reactions

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                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis