Economic Geography

  1. Agglomeration and Economic Clusters
    1. Agglomeration Economies Theory
      1. Localization Economies
        1. Industry-Specific Benefits
          1. Specialized Labor Pools
            1. Specialized Suppliers
              1. Knowledge Spillovers
              2. Urbanization Economies
                1. Infrastructure Sharing
                  1. Service Diversity
                    1. Market Size Effects
                      1. Innovation Benefits
                      2. Agglomeration Diseconomies
                        1. Congestion Costs
                          1. Higher Land Costs
                            1. Environmental Degradation
                              1. Competition for Resources
                            2. Types of Economic Clusters
                              1. Industrial Districts
                                1. Marshallian Industrial Districts
                                  1. Italian Industrial Districts
                                    1. Flexible Specialization
                                    2. Innovation Clusters
                                      1. High-Technology Clusters
                                        1. Biotechnology Clusters
                                          1. Information Technology Clusters
                                          2. Financial Clusters
                                            1. Global Financial Centers
                                              1. Regional Financial Centers
                                                1. Specialized Financial Services
                                                2. Creative Clusters
                                                  1. Media Clusters
                                                    1. Design Clusters
                                                      1. Cultural Districts
                                                    2. Cluster Development Processes
                                                      1. Cluster Formation
                                                        1. Historical Accidents
                                                          1. Natural Advantages
                                                            1. Government Initiatives
                                                              1. Entrepreneurial Activity
                                                              2. Cluster Growth
                                                                1. Network Development
                                                                  1. Knowledge Accumulation
                                                                    1. Reputation Building
                                                                    2. Cluster Maturity
                                                                      1. Institutional Development
                                                                        1. Market Leadership
                                                                          1. Global Connections
                                                                          2. Cluster Decline
                                                                            1. Lock-in Effects
                                                                              1. Technological Obsolescence
                                                                                1. Competition from Other Regions
                                                                              2. Science Parks and Technopoles
                                                                                1. Science Park Development
                                                                                  1. University Connections
                                                                                    1. Incubator Services
                                                                                      1. Technology Transfer
                                                                                      2. Technopole Characteristics
                                                                                        1. Research Infrastructure
                                                                                          1. High-Tech Industries
                                                                                            1. Quality of Life Amenities
                                                                                            2. Policy Support
                                                                                              1. Government Investment
                                                                                                1. Tax Incentives
                                                                                                  1. Regulatory Support
                                                                                                2. Cluster Policy and Development
                                                                                                  1. Cluster Identification
                                                                                                    1. Cluster Mapping
                                                                                                      1. Cluster Development Strategies
                                                                                                        1. Public-Private Partnerships
                                                                                                          1. International Cluster Networks

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                                                                                                        4. Spatial Organization of Economic Sectors

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                                                                                                        6. Globalization and the World Economy