Downstream Processing

  1. Stage 3: Concentration and Initial Purification
    1. Purpose and Objectives
      1. Volume Reduction Benefits
        1. Impact on Product Stability
          1. Economic Considerations
            1. Process Integration
            2. Membrane-Based Concentration
              1. Ultrafiltration
                1. Principles and Applications
                  1. Membrane Selection Criteria
                    1. Operating Parameters
                      1. Concentration Polarization
                        1. Fouling Control
                        2. Diafiltration
                          1. Principle of Buffer Exchange
                            1. Process Design
                              1. Volume Reduction Calculations
                              2. Nanofiltration
                                1. Principles and Applications
                                  1. Membrane Characteristics
                                    1. Selectivity Considerations
                                    2. Reverse Osmosis
                                      1. Principles and Applications
                                        1. Limitations for Biomolecules
                                          1. Osmotic Pressure Effects
                                        2. Precipitation Methods
                                          1. Salting Out
                                            1. Mechanism of Action
                                              1. Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation
                                                1. Other Salt Systems
                                                  1. Optimization of Conditions
                                                    1. Redissolution Strategies
                                                    2. Solvent Precipitation
                                                      1. Ethanol Precipitation
                                                        1. Acetone Precipitation
                                                          1. Mechanism of Action
                                                            1. Safety Considerations
                                                              1. Process Control
                                                              2. pH Adjustment Precipitation
                                                                1. Isoelectric Point Precipitation
                                                                  1. pH Control Systems
                                                                    1. Buffer Considerations
                                                                    2. Polymer Precipitation
                                                                      1. PEG Precipitation
                                                                        1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                          1. Polymer Recovery
                                                                        2. Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction
                                                                          1. System Components
                                                                            1. PEG-Salt Systems
                                                                              1. PEG-Dextran Systems
                                                                                1. Other Polymer Systems
                                                                                2. Principles of Partitioning
                                                                                  1. Partition Coefficient
                                                                                    1. Factors Affecting Partitioning
                                                                                      1. Selectivity Enhancement
                                                                                      2. Process Design
                                                                                        1. Phase Diagram Construction
                                                                                          1. Mixing and Separation
                                                                                            1. Scale-up Considerations
                                                                                            2. Applications and Limitations
                                                                                            3. Evaporation and Drying
                                                                                              1. Evaporation Principles
                                                                                                1. Equipment Types
                                                                                                  1. Applications and Limitations
                                                                                                    1. Product Stability Issues

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                                                                                                  3. Stage 2: Cell Disruption and Product Release

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                                                                                                  5. Stage 4: Purification by Chromatography