Downstream Processing

  1. Stage 1: Solid-Liquid Separation
    1. Purpose and Objectives
      1. Removal of Cells and Insoluble Debris
        1. Importance in Downstream Processing
          1. Impact on Subsequent Steps
            1. Quality Considerations
            2. Centrifugation
              1. Principles of Sedimentation
                1. Stokes' Law
                  1. Factors Affecting Sedimentation Rate
                    1. Centrifugal Force Calculations
                      1. Particle Size and Density Effects
                      2. Types of Centrifuges
                        1. Tubular Bowl Centrifuge
                          1. Design and Operation
                            1. Applications and Limitations
                              1. Capacity Considerations
                              2. Disc-Stack Centrifuge
                                1. Design and Operation
                                  1. Applications and Limitations
                                    1. Continuous vs. Batch Operation
                                    2. Decanter Centrifuge
                                      1. Design and Operation
                                        1. Applications and Limitations
                                          1. Solid Discharge Mechanisms
                                          2. Basket Centrifuge
                                            1. Design and Operation
                                          3. Scaling of Centrifugation
                                            1. Laboratory to Industrial Scale
                                              1. Scale-up Considerations
                                                1. Process Optimization
                                                  1. Equipment Selection Criteria
                                                  2. Process Parameters
                                                    1. G-Force and Residence Time
                                                      1. Feed Rate and Concentration
                                                        1. Temperature Control
                                                      2. Filtration
                                                        1. Principles of Filtration
                                                          1. Filtration Mechanisms
                                                            1. Filter Media Selection
                                                              1. Cake Formation and Resistance
                                                              2. Depth Filtration
                                                                1. Structure and Function
                                                                  1. Media Types
                                                                    1. Applications in Clarification
                                                                    2. Microfiltration
                                                                      1. Pore Size and Retention
                                                                        1. Applications in Cell Removal
                                                                          1. Membrane Types and Materials
                                                                          2. Filtration Modes
                                                                            1. Tangential Flow Filtration
                                                                              1. Operating Principles
                                                                                1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                  1. System Design
                                                                                  2. Normal Flow Filtration
                                                                                    1. Operating Principles
                                                                                      1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                        1. Filter Selection
                                                                                      2. Membrane Materials and Properties
                                                                                        1. Polymeric Membranes
                                                                                          1. Ceramic Membranes
                                                                                            1. Chemical and Mechanical Stability
                                                                                              1. Fouling and Cleaning
                                                                                                1. Membrane Integrity Testing
                                                                                                2. Process Optimization
                                                                                                  1. Flux Optimization
                                                                                                    1. Pressure and Flow Rate Control
                                                                                                      1. Cleaning Protocols
                                                                                                    2. Flocculation and Coagulation
                                                                                                      1. Principles of Particle Aggregation
                                                                                                        1. Flocculating Agents
                                                                                                          1. Inorganic Agents
                                                                                                            1. Organic Polymers
                                                                                                              1. Natural Flocculants
                                                                                                              2. Mechanism of Action
                                                                                                                1. Charge Neutralization
                                                                                                                  1. Bridging Mechanisms
                                                                                                                    1. Sweep Flocculation
                                                                                                                    2. Process Parameters
                                                                                                                      1. pH Optimization
                                                                                                                        1. Mixing Conditions
                                                                                                                          1. Dosage Determination
                                                                                                                          2. Equipment Design
                                                                                                                          3. Alternative Separation Methods
                                                                                                                            1. Cell Flotation
                                                                                                                              1. Principles of Flotation
                                                                                                                                1. Applications in Harvesting
                                                                                                                                  1. Limitations and Challenges
                                                                                                                                  2. Expanded Bed Adsorption
                                                                                                                                    1. Principles and Applications
                                                                                                                                      1. Advantages for Direct Capture

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                                                                                                                                  1. Introduction to Downstream Processing

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                                                                                                                                  3. Stage 2: Cell Disruption and Product Release