Downstream Processing

  1. Stage 2: Cell Disruption and Product Release
    1. Rationale for Cell Disruption
      1. Need for Product Release
        1. Impact on Product Integrity
          1. Selection Criteria for Disruption Methods
            1. Product Stability Considerations
            2. Mechanical Methods
              1. High-Pressure Homogenization
                1. Principle of Operation
                  1. Equipment Design
                    1. Process Parameters
                      1. Scale-up Considerations
                        1. Energy Requirements
                        2. Bead Milling
                          1. Principle of Operation
                            1. Bead Selection and Properties
                              1. Process Optimization
                                1. Equipment Types
                                2. Sonication
                                  1. Principle of Ultrasonic Disruption
                                    1. Equipment Types
                                      1. Applications and Limitations
                                        1. Heat Generation Issues
                                        2. Microfluidization
                                          1. Principle of Operation
                                            1. Applications and Limitations
                                              1. Comparison with Homogenization
                                            2. Non-Mechanical Methods
                                              1. Physical Methods
                                                1. Osmotic Shock
                                                  1. Mechanism of Action
                                                    1. Buffer Systems
                                                    2. Thermolysis
                                                      1. Heat Treatment Protocols
                                                        1. Product Stability Considerations
                                                          1. Temperature Control
                                                          2. Freeze-Thaw Cycles
                                                            1. Mechanism of Disruption
                                                              1. Process Parameters
                                                            2. Chemical Methods
                                                              1. Detergents
                                                                1. Ionic Detergents
                                                                  1. Non-ionic Detergents
                                                                    1. Effects on Cell Membranes
                                                                      1. Removal Strategies
                                                                      2. Solvents
                                                                        1. Organic Solvents
                                                                          1. Impact on Product Recovery
                                                                            1. Safety Considerations
                                                                            2. Alkali Treatment
                                                                              1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                                1. pH Control
                                                                                  1. Neutralization Requirements
                                                                                2. Enzymatic Methods
                                                                                  1. Lysozyme
                                                                                    1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                                      1. Applications for Gram-positive Bacteria
                                                                                        1. Process Conditions
                                                                                        2. Glucanases and Mannanases
                                                                                          1. Substrate Specificity
                                                                                            1. Applications for Yeast
                                                                                              1. Enzyme Selection
                                                                                          2. Process Considerations
                                                                                            1. Disruption Efficiency Measurement
                                                                                              1. Product Recovery Optimization
                                                                                                1. Debris Removal Strategies
                                                                                                  1. Scale-up Challenges

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                                                                                                2. Stage 1: Solid-Liquid Separation

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                                                                                                4. Stage 3: Concentration and Initial Purification