Corrosion Science and Engineering

  1. Corrosion in Specific Environments
    1. Atmospheric Corrosion
      1. Atmospheric Classification Systems
        1. ISO Classification
          1. Corrosivity Categories
          2. Types of Atmospheres
            1. Rural Atmospheres
              1. Low Pollution Levels
                1. Natural Contaminants
                2. Urban Atmospheres
                  1. Sulfur Dioxide Effects
                    1. Nitrogen Oxides
                      1. Particulate Matter
                      2. Marine Atmospheres
                        1. Chloride Deposition
                          1. Distance from Coast Effects
                          2. Industrial Atmospheres
                            1. Chemical Pollutants
                              1. Acid Rain Effects
                            2. Environmental Factors
                              1. Relative Humidity
                                1. Critical Humidity Levels
                                  1. Deliquescence Effects
                                  2. Temperature Variations
                                    1. Thermal Cycling
                                      1. Condensation Effects
                                      2. Time of Wetness
                                        1. Measurement Methods
                                          1. Correlation with Corrosion
                                          2. Pollutant Concentrations
                                            1. Sulfur Compounds
                                              1. Chlorides
                                                1. Nitrogen Compounds
                                              2. Corrosion Mechanisms
                                                1. Thin Film Electrolytes
                                                  1. Wet-Dry Cycling
                                                    1. Galvanic Effects
                                                    2. Material Performance
                                                      1. Steel Corrosion Rates
                                                        1. Aluminum Behavior
                                                          1. Copper Patina Formation
                                                          2. Protection Strategies
                                                          3. Aqueous Corrosion
                                                            1. Natural Water Systems
                                                              1. Freshwater Characteristics
                                                                1. Dissolved Oxygen Levels
                                                                  1. Hardness Effects
                                                                    1. Alkalinity and pH
                                                                    2. Seawater Properties
                                                                      1. Salinity Effects
                                                                        1. Chloride Concentration
                                                                          1. Buffering Capacity
                                                                          2. Groundwater Conditions
                                                                            1. Mineral Content
                                                                              1. Reducing Conditions
                                                                            2. Water Chemistry Effects
                                                                              1. Dissolved Oxygen Influence
                                                                                1. Oxygen Concentration Cells
                                                                                  1. Aeration Effects
                                                                                    1. Deaeration Benefits
                                                                                    2. pH Effects
                                                                                      1. Acidic Conditions
                                                                                        1. Alkaline Conditions
                                                                                          1. Buffer Systems
                                                                                          2. Dissolved Salts Impact
                                                                                            1. Chloride Effects
                                                                                              1. Sulfate Influence
                                                                                                1. Carbonate Systems
                                                                                                2. Hardness and Alkalinity
                                                                                                  1. Scale Formation
                                                                                                    1. Protective Films
                                                                                                  2. Physical Factors
                                                                                                    1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                      1. Reaction Rate Acceleration
                                                                                                        1. Solubility Changes
                                                                                                        2. Flow Rate Influence
                                                                                                          1. Mass Transport
                                                                                                            1. Erosion-Corrosion
                                                                                                              1. Oxygen Replenishment
                                                                                                              2. Pressure Effects
                                                                                                              3. Biological Factors
                                                                                                                1. Microorganism Activity
                                                                                                                  1. Biofilm Formation
                                                                                                                    1. Nutrient Availability
                                                                                                                  2. Soil Corrosion
                                                                                                                    1. Soil Properties Affecting Corrosion
                                                                                                                      1. Soil Resistivity
                                                                                                                        1. Measurement Techniques
                                                                                                                          1. Interpretation Guidelines
                                                                                                                            1. Seasonal Variations
                                                                                                                            2. Moisture Content
                                                                                                                              1. Water Activity
                                                                                                                                1. Saturation Effects
                                                                                                                                2. pH Levels
                                                                                                                                  1. Acidic Soils
                                                                                                                                    1. Alkaline Soils
                                                                                                                                      1. pH Measurement
                                                                                                                                      2. Aeration Levels
                                                                                                                                        1. Oxygen Availability
                                                                                                                                          1. Anaerobic Conditions
                                                                                                                                          2. Salt Content
                                                                                                                                            1. Chloride Presence
                                                                                                                                              1. Sulfate Content
                                                                                                                                                1. Total Dissolved Solids
                                                                                                                                              2. Soil Types and Corrosivity
                                                                                                                                                1. Clay Soils
                                                                                                                                                  1. Sandy Soils
                                                                                                                                                    1. Organic Soils
                                                                                                                                                      1. Fill Materials
                                                                                                                                                      2. Corrosion Mechanisms in Soil
                                                                                                                                                        1. Differential Aeration
                                                                                                                                                          1. Galvanic Coupling
                                                                                                                                                            1. Concentration Cells
                                                                                                                                                            2. Buried Structure Considerations
                                                                                                                                                              1. Pipeline Corrosion
                                                                                                                                                                1. Foundation Systems
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Underground Tanks
                                                                                                                                                                2. High-Temperature Corrosion
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Oxidation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Oxide Scale Formation
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wagner Theory
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Parabolic Rate Laws
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Scale Properties
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Protective Oxide Scales
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Adherence
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Density
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Defect Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Non-Protective Scales
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Spalling
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Porosity
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Volatilization
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Alloy Oxidation Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pure Metal Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Binary Alloy Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Multi-Component Alloys
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Specific High-Temperature Environments
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Oxidizing Atmospheres
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Air Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Steam Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Sulfidizing Environments
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sulfur-Containing Gases
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sulfide Scale Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Carburizing Atmospheres
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Carbon Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Carbide Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Halogen-Containing Environments
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chlorine Corrosion
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fluorine Attack
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Reaction Rate Dependencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Phase Stability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Thermal Cycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Protection Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Alloy Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Protective Coatings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Environmental Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Microbial Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Biofilm Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Attachment Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Biofilm Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Maturation Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Microbial Communities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Species Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Succession Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Types of Microorganisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Metabolic Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hydrogen Sulfide Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anaerobic Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Acid-Producing Bacteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Organic Acid Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. pH Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Metal Dissolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Iron Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tubercle Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Oxygen Concentration Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Methanogenic Bacteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Methane Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cathodic Depolarization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. MIC Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Direct Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Enzymatic Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Metabolic Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Indirect Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Environmental Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Concentration Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nutrient Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. pH Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Oxygen Levels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Detection and Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Microbiological Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chemical Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Electrochemical Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Control Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biocide Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Environmental Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Material Selection