Conservation Biology

  1. Understanding Biodiversity
    1. Levels of Biodiversity
      1. Genetic Diversity
        1. Allelic Diversity
          1. Heterozygosity
            1. Genetic Structure of Populations
              1. Importance for Adaptation
                1. Loss of Genetic Diversity
                  1. Phylogenetic Diversity
                  2. Species Diversity
                    1. Species Richness
                      1. Species Evenness
                        1. Taxonomic Diversity
                          1. Functional Diversity
                            1. Phylogenetic Diversity
                              1. Indicator Species
                                1. Keystone Species
                                  1. Umbrella Species
                                    1. Flagship Species
                                    2. Ecosystem Diversity
                                      1. Community and Habitat Diversity
                                        1. Landscape-level Diversity
                                          1. Biomes and Ecoregions
                                            1. Ecotones and Transitional Zones
                                              1. Functional Diversity of Ecosystems
                                            2. Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity
                                              1. Field Sampling Techniques
                                                1. Quadrat and Transect Methods
                                                  1. Mark-Recapture Techniques
                                                    1. Camera Trapping
                                                      1. Acoustic Monitoring
                                                        1. Mist Netting
                                                          1. Pitfall Trapping
                                                          2. Remote Sensing and GIS
                                                            1. Satellite Imagery
                                                              1. Aerial Surveys
                                                                1. LiDAR Technology
                                                                  1. Mapping Species Distributions
                                                                    1. Habitat Classification
                                                                    2. Genetic and Molecular Tools
                                                                      1. DNA Barcoding
                                                                        1. Population Genetics Analyses
                                                                          1. Environmental DNA (eDNA)
                                                                            1. Genomic Approaches
                                                                              1. Phylogenetic Analysis
                                                                              2. Biodiversity Indices
                                                                                1. Alpha Diversity Measures
                                                                                  1. Shannon Index
                                                                                    1. Simpson Index
                                                                                      1. Species Richness
                                                                                      2. Beta Diversity Measures
                                                                                        1. Sorensen Index
                                                                                          1. Jaccard Index
                                                                                          2. Gamma Diversity
                                                                                            1. Species-Area Curves
                                                                                              1. Rarefaction Curves
                                                                                            2. Global Patterns of Biodiversity
                                                                                              1. Latitudinal Gradients
                                                                                                1. Tropical vs. Temperate Diversity
                                                                                                  1. Hypotheses Explaining Gradients
                                                                                                    1. Exceptions to General Patterns
                                                                                                    2. Altitudinal Gradients
                                                                                                      1. Mountain Biodiversity Patterns
                                                                                                        1. Climate and Habitat Zonation
                                                                                                        2. Biodiversity Hotspots
                                                                                                          1. Criteria for Hotspots
                                                                                                            1. Major Global Hotspots
                                                                                                              1. Conservation Priorities
                                                                                                              2. Endemism
                                                                                                                1. Types of Endemism
                                                                                                                  1. Centers of Endemism
                                                                                                                    1. Island Biogeography
                                                                                                                    2. Marine Biodiversity Patterns
                                                                                                                      1. Coral Triangle
                                                                                                                        1. Deep Sea Diversity
                                                                                                                          1. Polar Marine Systems
                                                                                                                        2. The Value of Biodiversity
                                                                                                                          1. Ecosystem Services Framework
                                                                                                                            1. Provisioning Services
                                                                                                                              1. Food Production
                                                                                                                                1. Freshwater Supply
                                                                                                                                  1. Raw Materials
                                                                                                                                    1. Genetic Resources
                                                                                                                                      1. Biochemicals and Medicine
                                                                                                                                      2. Regulating Services
                                                                                                                                        1. Climate Regulation
                                                                                                                                          1. Disease Control
                                                                                                                                            1. Pollination
                                                                                                                                              1. Water Purification
                                                                                                                                                1. Natural Hazard Protection
                                                                                                                                                2. Cultural Services
                                                                                                                                                  1. Recreation and Tourism
                                                                                                                                                    1. Spiritual and Religious Values
                                                                                                                                                      1. Educational Value
                                                                                                                                                        1. Cultural Heritage
                                                                                                                                                          1. Aesthetic Values
                                                                                                                                                          2. Supporting Services
                                                                                                                                                            1. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                                                                                                              1. Soil Formation
                                                                                                                                                                1. Primary Production
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Oxygen Production
                                                                                                                                                                2. Economic Valuation Methods
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Direct Use Values
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Indirect Use Values
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Option Values
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Existence Values
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bequest Values
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Replacement Cost Methods
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Travel Cost Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Contingent Valuation
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Ethical and Aesthetic Values
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Moral Arguments for Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cultural and Spiritual Significance

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                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Introduction to Conservation Biology

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                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Major Threats to Biodiversity