Computer Architecture

  1. Memory Hierarchy Design
    1. Locality Principles
      1. Temporal Locality
        1. Spatial Locality
          1. Program Behavior
          2. Memory Hierarchy Structure
            1. Register Level
              1. Cache Levels
                1. L1 Cache
                  1. L2 Cache
                    1. L3 Cache
                    2. Main Memory
                      1. Secondary Storage
                        1. Tertiary Storage
                        2. Cache Memory Design
                          1. Cache Performance Metrics
                            1. Hit Rate and Miss Rate
                              1. Hit Time
                                1. Miss Penalty
                                  1. Average Memory Access Time
                                  2. Cache Organization
                                    1. Direct Mapped Cache
                                      1. Fully Associative Cache
                                        1. Set Associative Cache
                                        2. Cache Policies
                                          1. Replacement Policies
                                            1. Least Recently Used
                                              1. First-In First-Out
                                                1. Random Replacement
                                                2. Write Policies
                                                  1. Write-Through
                                                    1. Write-Back
                                                    2. Allocation Policies
                                                      1. Write-Allocate
                                                        1. No-Write-Allocate
                                                      2. Cache Implementation
                                                        1. Tag and Index Fields
                                                          1. Cache Controller
                                                        2. Cache Performance Optimization
                                                          1. Miss Rate Reduction
                                                            1. Cache Size Increase
                                                              1. Associativity Increase
                                                                1. Block Size Optimization
                                                                2. Miss Penalty Reduction
                                                                  1. Multi-Level Caches
                                                                    1. Victim Caches
                                                                    2. Hit Time Reduction
                                                                      1. Cache Access Optimization
                                                                        1. Way Prediction
                                                                      2. Virtual Memory
                                                                        1. Address Translation
                                                                          1. Virtual Address Space
                                                                            1. Physical Address Space
                                                                            2. Paging System
                                                                              1. Page Tables
                                                                                1. Page Table Entries
                                                                                  1. Multi-Level Page Tables
                                                                                  2. Translation Lookaside Buffer
                                                                                    1. TLB Organization
                                                                                      1. TLB Management
                                                                                      2. Page Replacement
                                                                                        1. Page Fault Handling
                                                                                          1. Replacement Algorithms

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                                                                                      5. Pipelining and Performance Enhancement

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                                                                                      7. Input/Output and Storage Systems