Computer Architecture

  1. Pipelining and Performance Enhancement
    1. Pipelining Fundamentals
      1. Pipeline Concept
        1. Pipeline Stages
          1. Instruction Fetch
            1. Instruction Decode
              1. Execute
                1. Memory Access
                  1. Write Back
                  2. Performance Benefits
                    1. Throughput Improvement
                      1. Pipeline Depth Effects
                    2. Pipeline Hazards
                      1. Structural Hazards
                        1. Resource Conflicts
                          1. Detection Methods
                            1. Resolution Techniques
                            2. Data Hazards
                              1. Read-After-Write Dependencies
                                1. Write-After-Read Dependencies
                                  1. Write-After-Write Dependencies
                                  2. Control Hazards
                                    1. Branch Instructions
                                      1. Pipeline Disruption
                                    2. Hazard Resolution Techniques
                                      1. Forwarding
                                        1. Data Path Modifications
                                          1. Forwarding Logic
                                            1. Forwarding Conditions
                                            2. Stalling
                                              1. Pipeline Bubbles
                                                1. Stall Detection
                                                  1. Performance Impact
                                                  2. Compiler Optimization
                                                    1. Instruction Scheduling
                                                      1. Software Pipelining
                                                    2. Branch Handling
                                                      1. Static Prediction
                                                        1. Predict Not Taken
                                                          1. Predict Taken
                                                            1. Delayed Branch
                                                            2. Dynamic Prediction
                                                              1. One-Bit Predictors
                                                                1. Two-Bit Predictors
                                                                  1. Branch Target Buffer
                                                                    1. Return Address Stack
                                                                  2. Exception Handling
                                                                    1. Exception Types
                                                                      1. Precise Exceptions
                                                                        1. Imprecise Exceptions
                                                                          1. Pipeline Recovery

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                                                                        4. Processor Design and Implementation

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                                                                        6. Memory Hierarchy Design