Coastal and Marine Ecosystems

  1. Conservation and Management
    1. Valuing Marine Ecosystems
      1. Ecosystem Services
        1. Provisioning Services
          1. Food Resources
            1. Commercial Fisheries
              1. Subsistence Fishing
                1. Aquaculture Production
                2. Raw Materials
                  1. Seaweed Harvesting
                    1. Shell and Coral Collection
                      1. Pharmaceutical Compounds
                      2. Genetic Resources
                        1. Biodiversity Conservation
                          1. Biotechnology Applications
                        2. Regulating Services
                          1. Climate Regulation
                            1. Carbon Sequestration
                              1. Temperature Moderation
                              2. Water Purification
                                1. Nutrient Cycling
                                  1. Pollutant Removal
                                  2. Coastal Protection
                                    1. Storm Surge Mitigation
                                      1. Erosion Control
                                    2. Cultural Services
                                      1. Recreation and Tourism
                                        1. Diving and Snorkeling
                                          1. Boating and Fishing
                                            1. Beach Activities
                                            2. Spiritual and Aesthetic Value
                                              1. Cultural Significance
                                                1. Educational Value
                                                  1. Inspiration and Art
                                                2. Supporting Services
                                                  1. Nutrient Cycling
                                                    1. Primary Production
                                                      1. Decomposition
                                                      2. Habitat Provision
                                                        1. Nursery Areas
                                                          1. Breeding Grounds
                                                    2. Conservation Strategies
                                                      1. Marine Protected Areas
                                                        1. Types of MPAs
                                                          1. No-Take Reserves
                                                            1. Multiple-Use Areas
                                                              1. Seasonal Closures
                                                                1. Species-Specific Protection
                                                                2. Design Principles
                                                                  1. Size Requirements
                                                                    1. Connectivity
                                                                      1. Representation
                                                                        1. Replication
                                                                        2. Effectiveness Factors
                                                                          1. Enforcement
                                                                            1. Community Support
                                                                              1. Scientific Monitoring
                                                                            2. Fisheries Management
                                                                              1. Stock Assessment
                                                                                1. Population Monitoring
                                                                                  1. Catch Data Analysis
                                                                                    1. Biomass Estimation
                                                                                    2. Quotas and Catch Limits
                                                                                      1. Total Allowable Catch
                                                                                        1. Individual Transferable Quotas
                                                                                          1. Seasonal Restrictions
                                                                                          2. Gear Restrictions
                                                                                            1. Selective Fishing Gear
                                                                                              1. Mesh Size Regulations
                                                                                                1. Area Closures
                                                                                                2. Ecosystem-Based Management
                                                                                                  1. Holistic Approach
                                                                                                    1. Habitat Protection
                                                                                                      1. Predator-Prey Relationships
                                                                                                    2. Habitat Restoration
                                                                                                      1. Coral Reef Restoration
                                                                                                        1. Coral Transplantation
                                                                                                          1. Artificial Reef Construction
                                                                                                            1. Water Quality Improvement
                                                                                                            2. Mangrove Reforestation
                                                                                                              1. Seedling Propagation
                                                                                                                1. Site Preparation
                                                                                                                  1. Community Involvement
                                                                                                                  2. Seagrass Replanting
                                                                                                                    1. Seed Collection
                                                                                                                      1. Transplantation Techniques
                                                                                                                        1. Monitoring Success
                                                                                                                        2. Salt Marsh Restoration
                                                                                                                          1. Hydrology Restoration
                                                                                                                            1. Native Plant Establishment
                                                                                                                              1. Invasive Species Control
                                                                                                                          2. Policy and Governance
                                                                                                                            1. International Law of the Sea
                                                                                                                              1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
                                                                                                                                1. Territorial Waters
                                                                                                                                  1. Continental Shelf Rights
                                                                                                                                    1. High Seas Governance
                                                                                                                                    2. Exclusive Economic Zones
                                                                                                                                      1. Resource Rights
                                                                                                                                        1. Management Responsibilities
                                                                                                                                          1. International Cooperation
                                                                                                                                          2. Regional Fisheries Organizations
                                                                                                                                            1. Stock Management
                                                                                                                                              1. Conservation Measures
                                                                                                                                                1. Compliance Monitoring
                                                                                                                                              2. National Legislation
                                                                                                                                                1. Marine Conservation Laws
                                                                                                                                                  1. Protected Species Acts
                                                                                                                                                    1. Habitat Protection Laws
                                                                                                                                                      1. Pollution Control Regulations
                                                                                                                                                      2. Enforcement Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                        1. Monitoring Programs
                                                                                                                                                          1. Penalty Systems
                                                                                                                                                            1. Compliance Incentives
                                                                                                                                                          2. Role of Non-Governmental Organizations
                                                                                                                                                            1. Advocacy and Education
                                                                                                                                                              1. Public Awareness Campaigns
                                                                                                                                                                1. Policy Advocacy
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Environmental Education
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Research and Conservation Initiatives
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Scientific Research
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Conservation Projects
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Capacity Building
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Research and Monitoring Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Remote Sensing
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Satellite Oceanography
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sea Surface Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ocean Color
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sea Level Measurements
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Data Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ecosystem Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Climate Research
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fisheries Management
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Survey and Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bathymetric Surveys
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Habitat Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Archaeological Surveys
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Environmental Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Water Quality Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biological Sampling
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Long-term Observations
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Acoustic Telemetry
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Animal Tracking
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Movement Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Migration Routes
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Behavior Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Habitat Use Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Home Range Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Habitat Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temporal Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Environmental DNA
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Biodiversity Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Species Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Community Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rare Species Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Monitoring Invasive Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Early Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Distribution Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Population Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Citizen Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Public Participation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Data Collection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Monitoring Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Education Outreach
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Technology Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mobile Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Online Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Data Sharing

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                              7. Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Introduction to Marine Science