Coastal and Marine Ecosystems

7.

Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems

7.1.

7.1.1.

Types of Marine Pollution

7.1.1.1.

Point Source Pollution

7.1.1.2.

Non-Point Source Pollution

7.1.1.3.

Atmospheric Deposition

7.1.2.

Plastic and Microplastic Contamination

7.1.2.1.

Sources and Distribution

7.1.2.1.1.

Land-Based Sources

7.1.2.1.2.

Ocean-Based Sources

7.1.2.1.3.

Global Distribution Patterns

7.1.2.2.

Effects on Marine Life

7.1.2.2.1.

Ingestion Impacts

7.1.2.2.2.

7.1.2.2.3.

Toxic Chemical Transfer

7.1.2.3.

Microplastic Pathways

7.1.2.3.1.

Food Web Accumulation

7.1.2.3.2.

Bioaccumulation

7.1.3.

Chemical Pollutants

7.1.3.1.

7.1.3.1.1.

Mercury Contamination

7.1.3.1.2.

7.1.3.1.3.

Cadmium Effects

7.1.3.2.

Persistent Organic Pollutants

7.1.3.2.1.

PCB Contamination

7.1.3.2.2.

DDT Legacy Effects

7.1.3.2.3.

Bioaccumulation Patterns

7.1.3.3.

Emerging Contaminants

7.1.3.3.1.

Pharmaceuticals

7.1.3.3.2.

Personal Care Products

7.1.3.3.3.

Endocrine Disruptors

7.1.4.

Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication

7.1.4.1.

Sources of Nutrients

7.1.4.1.1.

Agricultural Runoff

7.1.4.1.2.

Urban Wastewater

7.1.4.1.3.

Atmospheric Deposition

7.1.4.2.

Algal Blooms and Hypoxia

7.1.4.2.1.

Harmful Algal Blooms

7.1.4.2.2.

Dead Zone Formation

7.1.4.2.3.

Oxygen Depletion Effects

7.1.5.

7.1.5.1.

Causes and Consequences

7.1.5.1.1.

Tanker Accidents

7.1.5.1.2.

7.1.5.1.3.

Offshore Drilling Incidents

7.1.5.2.

Environmental Impacts

7.1.5.2.1.

7.1.5.2.2.

Chronic Effects

7.1.5.2.3.

Habitat Contamination

7.1.5.3.

Cleanup Methods

7.1.5.3.1.

Mechanical Recovery

7.1.5.3.2.

Chemical Dispersants

7.1.5.3.3.

7.1.6.

Noise Pollution

7.1.6.1.

Sources of Ocean Noise

7.1.6.1.1.

Commercial Shipping

7.1.6.1.2.

7.1.6.1.3.

Seismic Surveys

7.1.6.1.4.

Construction Activities

7.1.6.2.

Effects on Marine Organisms

7.1.6.2.1.

7.1.6.2.2.

Behavioral Changes

7.1.6.2.3.

Communication Interference

7.2.

Overexploitation of Resources

7.2.1.

Overfishing and Fisheries Collapse

7.2.1.1.

Causes of Overfishing

7.2.1.1.1.

Excess Fishing Capacity

7.2.1.1.2.

Poor Management

7.2.1.1.3.

Economic Incentives

7.2.1.2.

Consequences of Overfishing

7.2.1.2.1.

Stock Depletion

7.2.1.2.2.

Ecosystem Disruption

7.2.1.2.3.

Economic Losses

7.2.1.3.

7.2.1.3.1.

Cod Fishery Collapse

7.2.1.3.2.

Bluefin Tuna Decline

7.2.1.3.3.

Shark Population Declines

7.2.2.

Destructive Fishing Practices

7.2.2.1.

Bottom Trawling

7.2.2.1.1.

Habitat Destruction

7.2.2.1.2.

Benthic Community Impacts

7.2.2.2.

7.2.2.2.1.

Coral Reef Damage

7.2.2.2.2.

Indiscriminate Killing

7.2.2.3.

Cyanide Fishing

7.2.2.3.1.

Coral Poisoning

7.2.2.3.2.

7.2.3.

7.2.3.1.

Non-Target Species Capture

7.2.3.1.1.

Seabird Mortality

7.2.3.1.2.

Marine Mammal Deaths

7.2.3.1.3.

Turtle Captures

7.2.3.2.

Mitigation Strategies

7.2.3.2.1.

Gear Modifications

7.2.3.2.2.

Temporal Closures

7.2.3.2.3.

Spatial Restrictions

7.3.

Habitat Destruction and Alteration

7.3.1.

Coastal Development and Urbanization

7.3.1.1.

Land Reclamation

7.3.1.1.1.

7.3.1.1.2.

Habitat Fragmentation

7.3.1.2.

Pollution from Runoff

7.3.1.2.1.

Sediment Loading

7.3.1.2.2.

Chemical Contamination

7.3.1.2.3.

Nutrient Enrichment

7.3.2.

Dredging and Trawling

7.3.2.1.

Physical Habitat Damage

7.3.2.1.1.

Seafloor Disturbance

7.3.2.1.2.

Sediment Resuspension

7.3.2.2.

Benthic Community Impacts

7.3.2.2.1.

Species Mortality

7.3.2.2.2.

Habitat Complexity Loss

7.3.3.

Aquaculture Impacts

7.3.3.1.

Escaped Species

7.3.3.1.1.

Genetic Pollution

7.3.3.1.2.

Competition with Wild Stocks

7.3.3.2.

Disease and Parasite Transmission

7.3.3.2.1.

Pathogen Spread

7.3.3.2.2.

Wild Population Impacts

7.3.3.3.

Environmental Degradation

7.3.3.3.1.

Nutrient Loading

7.3.3.3.2.

7.4.

7.4.1.

Ocean Warming and Marine Heatwaves

7.4.1.1.

Temperature Increases

7.4.1.1.1.

Global Warming Trends

7.4.1.1.2.

Regional Variations

7.4.1.2.

Effects on Species Distribution

7.4.1.2.1.

7.4.1.2.2.

Phenological Changes

7.4.1.3.

Coral Bleaching

7.4.1.3.1.

7.4.1.3.2.

Symbiosis Breakdown

7.4.1.3.3.

Mass Mortality Events

7.4.2.

7.4.2.1.

Causes of Sea Level Rise

7.4.2.1.1.

Thermal Expansion

7.4.2.1.2.

Ice Sheet Melting

7.4.2.1.3.

Glacier Retreat

7.4.2.2.

Impacts on Coastal Habitats

7.4.2.2.1.

Wetland Submersion

7.4.2.2.2.

Shoreline Erosion

7.4.2.2.3.

Saltwater Intrusion

7.4.3.

Ocean Acidification

7.4.3.1.

Carbon Dioxide Absorption

7.4.3.1.1.

7.4.3.1.2.

Carbonate Chemistry Changes

7.4.3.2.

Effects on Calcifying Organisms

7.4.3.2.1.

Shell Formation Impacts

7.4.3.2.2.

Coral Skeleton Weakening

7.4.3.2.3.

Pteropod Shell Dissolution

7.4.4.

Changes in Ocean Circulation

7.4.4.1.

Altered Current Patterns

7.4.4.1.1.

Thermohaline Circulation Changes

7.4.4.1.2.

Wind Pattern Shifts

7.4.4.2.

Impacts on Climate and Ecosystems

7.4.4.2.1.

Heat Transport Changes

7.4.4.2.2.

Nutrient Distribution Alterations

7.4.4.2.3.

Productivity Shifts

7.5.

Invasive Species

7.5.1.

Introduction Pathways

7.5.1.1.

7.5.1.1.1.

Ship-Mediated Transport

7.5.1.1.2.

Port-to-Port Transfer

7.5.1.2.

7.5.1.2.1.

Attached Organisms

7.5.1.2.2.

Long-Distance Transport

7.5.1.3.

Aquaculture Escapes

7.5.1.3.1.

Intentional Introductions

7.5.1.3.2.

Accidental Releases

7.5.1.4.

7.5.1.4.1.

7.5.1.4.2.

Ornamental Species

7.5.2.

Ecological and Economic Impacts

7.5.2.1.

Competition with Native Species

7.5.2.1.1.

Resource Competition

7.5.2.1.2.

Habitat Displacement

7.5.2.2.

Alteration of Food Webs

7.5.2.2.1.

Predation Impacts

7.5.2.2.2.

Trophic Structure Changes

7.5.2.3.

Economic Consequences

7.5.2.3.1.

Fisheries Impacts

7.5.2.3.2.

Infrastructure Damage

7.5.2.3.3.

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