Behavioral Ecology

  1. Parental Care and Family Dynamics
    1. Evolution of Parental Care
      1. Costs and Benefits
        1. Energetic Costs
          1. Opportunity Costs
            1. Survival Risks
              1. Offspring Survival Benefits
              2. Sex Differences in Care
                1. Maternal Care Patterns
                  1. Paternal Care Evolution
                    1. Biparental Care Systems
                      1. Care by Helpers
                      2. Care Duration and Intensity
                        1. Prehatching Care
                          1. Post-Hatching Care
                            1. Extended Juvenile Periods
                              1. Gradual Independence
                            2. Parent-Offspring Interactions
                              1. Parent-Offspring Conflict Theory
                                1. Genetic Relatedness Effects
                                  1. Optimal Investment Levels
                                    1. Weaning Conflict
                                      1. Sibling Competition
                                      2. Offspring Solicitation
                                        1. Begging Behavior
                                          1. Signal Honesty
                                            1. Scramble Competition
                                              1. Need Assessment
                                              2. Parental Response Rules
                                                1. Allocation Decisions
                                                  1. Favoritism Patterns
                                                    1. Condition-Dependent Care
                                                  2. Sibling Relationships
                                                    1. Sibling Competition
                                                      1. Resource Competition
                                                        1. Size Hierarchies
                                                          1. Developmental Asynchrony
                                                          2. Siblicide
                                                            1. Obligate Siblicide
                                                              1. Facultative Siblicide
                                                                1. Insurance Offspring
                                                                  1. Parental Facilitation
                                                                  2. Cooperative Siblings
                                                                    1. Helping Behavior
                                                                      1. Information Sharing
                                                                        1. Joint Defense
                                                                      2. Brood Parasitism
                                                                        1. Interspecific Parasitism
                                                                          1. Host Selection
                                                                            1. Egg Mimicry
                                                                              1. Nestling Competition
                                                                                1. Host Defenses
                                                                                2. Intraspecific Parasitism
                                                                                  1. Conspecific Nest Parasitism
                                                                                    1. Mixed Reproductive Strategies
                                                                                      1. Recognition Systems
                                                                                      2. Coevolutionary Arms Races
                                                                                        1. Parasite Adaptations
                                                                                          1. Host Counter-Adaptations
                                                                                            1. Evolutionary Escalation

                                                                                        Previous

                                                                                        6. Mating Systems and Reproductive Strategies

                                                                                        Go to top

                                                                                        Next

                                                                                        8. Social Behavior and Group Living