Behavioral Ecology

  1. Predator Avoidance and Anti-Predator Behavior
    1. Detection Avoidance Strategies
      1. Crypsis and Concealment
        1. Background Matching
          1. Disruptive Coloration
            1. Counter-Shading
              1. Behavioral Crypsis
              2. Masquerade and Mimicry
                1. Object Mimicry
                  1. Batesian Mimicry
                    1. Müllerian Mimicry
                      1. Aggressive Mimicry
                      2. Temporal Avoidance
                        1. Activity Pattern Shifts
                          1. Microhabitat Selection
                            1. Seasonal Migrations
                          2. Warning and Deterrent Signals
                            1. Aposematism
                              1. Warning Coloration
                                1. Chemical Defenses
                                  1. Behavioral Displays
                                    1. Signal Reliability
                                    2. Pursuit-Deterrent Signals
                                      1. Stotting and Pronking
                                        1. Tail Flagging
                                          1. Alarm Calls
                                            1. Quality Advertisement
                                          2. Active Defense Behaviors
                                            1. Escape and Evasion
                                              1. Flight Responses
                                                1. Escape Trajectories
                                                  1. Startle Responses
                                                    1. Protean Behavior
                                                    2. Fighting Back
                                                      1. Direct Confrontation
                                                        1. Defensive Weapons
                                                          1. Group Defense
                                                            1. Mobbing Behavior
                                                          2. Vigilance and Early Warning
                                                            1. Individual Vigilance
                                                              1. Scanning Patterns
                                                                1. Head-Up Time
                                                                  1. Trade-offs with Foraging
                                                                  2. Group Vigilance
                                                                    1. Collective Detection
                                                                      1. Sentinel Systems
                                                                        1. Information Transfer
                                                                          1. False Alarm Costs
                                                                        2. Habitat Selection for Safety
                                                                          1. Refuge Use
                                                                            1. Temporary Refuges
                                                                              1. Permanent Shelters
                                                                                1. Escape Routes
                                                                                2. Landscape-Level Decisions
                                                                                  1. Habitat Connectivity
                                                                                    1. Edge Effects
                                                                                      1. Predator Abundance Patterns

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                                                                                  2. Foraging Ecology and Feeding Behavior

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                                                                                  4. Territorial Behavior and Space Use