Behavioral Ecology

  1. Foraging Ecology and Feeding Behavior
    1. Optimal Foraging Theory
      1. Theoretical Framework
        1. Optimality Assumptions
          1. Currency Selection
            1. Constraint Identification
              1. Model Predictions and Testing
              2. Foraging Currencies
                1. Energy Maximization
                  1. Time Minimization
                    1. Nutrient Optimization
                      1. Risk Minimization
                        1. Multi-Objective Optimization
                        2. Environmental Constraints
                          1. Predation Risk Effects
                            1. Weather and Climate
                              1. Resource Availability
                                1. Temporal Variation
                                2. Physiological Constraints
                                  1. Digestive Limitations
                                    1. Metabolic Requirements
                                      1. Sensory Capabilities
                                        1. Locomotory Abilities
                                      2. Classical Foraging Models
                                        1. Diet Selection Model
                                          1. Prey Profitability Ranking
                                            1. Handling Time Components
                                              1. Search Time Considerations
                                                1. Switching Thresholds
                                                  1. Partial Preferences
                                                  2. Patch Use Model
                                                    1. Marginal Value Theorem
                                                      1. Giving-Up Density
                                                        1. Travel Time Between Patches
                                                          1. Patch Quality Assessment
                                                            1. Depletion Curves
                                                            2. Central Place Foraging
                                                              1. Load Size Optimization
                                                                1. Trip Duration Decisions
                                                                  1. Energy Balance Considerations
                                                                    1. Provisioning Strategies
                                                                  2. Risk and Uncertainty in Foraging
                                                                    1. Risk-Sensitive Foraging
                                                                      1. Variance in Food Rewards
                                                                        1. State-Dependent Risk Preferences
                                                                          1. Energy Budget Rules
                                                                            1. Starvation Avoidance
                                                                            2. Information Use
                                                                              1. Sampling Strategies
                                                                                1. Memory and Spatial Cognition
                                                                                  1. Social Information
                                                                                    1. Uncertainty Reduction
                                                                                  2. Social Foraging
                                                                                    1. Group Foraging Benefits
                                                                                      1. Increased Detection Rates
                                                                                        1. Cooperative Hunting
                                                                                          1. Information Sharing
                                                                                            1. Risk Reduction
                                                                                            2. Group Foraging Costs
                                                                                              1. Interference Competition
                                                                                                1. Scramble Competition
                                                                                                  1. Kleptoparasitism
                                                                                                    1. Increased Conspicuousness
                                                                                                    2. Producer-Scrounger Dynamics
                                                                                                      1. Frequency-Dependent Strategies
                                                                                                        1. Information Parasitism
                                                                                                          1. Skill Differences
                                                                                                        2. Specialized Foraging Behaviors
                                                                                                          1. Tool Use and Manufacture
                                                                                                            1. Types of Tool Use
                                                                                                              1. Cognitive Requirements
                                                                                                                1. Cultural Transmission
                                                                                                                  1. Innovation and Learning
                                                                                                                  2. Food Storage and Caching
                                                                                                                    1. Cache Types and Locations
                                                                                                                      1. Spatial Memory
                                                                                                                        1. Cache Protection
                                                                                                                          1. Retrieval Strategies
                                                                                                                          2. Cooperative Hunting
                                                                                                                            1. Coordination Mechanisms
                                                                                                                              1. Role Specialization
                                                                                                                                1. Benefit Sharing
                                                                                                                                  1. Group Size Effects

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                                                                                                                              1. Foundations of Behavioral Ecology

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                                                                                                                              3. Predator Avoidance and Anti-Predator Behavior