Astrophysics

  1. Cosmology
    1. Observational Foundations
      1. The Expanding Universe
        1. Hubble's Observations
          1. Hubble-Lemaître Law
            1. Linear Velocity-Distance Relation
              1. Hubble Constant Determination
                1. Local vs. Global Measurements
                2. Cosmological Redshift
                  1. Distinction from Doppler Shift
                    1. Redshift-Distance Relations
                      1. Lookback Time
                      2. Scale Factor Evolution
                        1. Definition and Properties
                          1. Relation to Redshift
                            1. Cosmic Time
                          2. Cosmic Microwave Background
                            1. Discovery and Properties
                              1. Blackbody Spectrum
                                1. Temperature Measurements
                                  1. Isotropy and Homogeneity
                                  2. Anisotropies
                                    1. Temperature Fluctuations
                                      1. Polarization
                                        1. Angular Power Spectrum
                                          1. Acoustic Peaks
                                          2. Physical Origins
                                            1. Recombination Epoch
                                              1. Surface of Last Scattering
                                                1. Baryon Acoustic Oscillations
                                                2. Observational Missions
                                                  1. COBE
                                                    1. WMAP
                                                      1. Planck
                                                    2. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
                                                      1. Light Element Production
                                                        1. Hydrogen
                                                          1. Deuterium
                                                            1. Helium-3
                                                              1. Helium-4
                                                                1. Lithium-7
                                                                2. Nuclear Reaction Networks
                                                                  1. Baryon Density Constraints
                                                                    1. Observational Tests
                                                                  2. Theoretical Framework
                                                                    1. General Relativity and Cosmology
                                                                      1. Cosmological Principle
                                                                        1. Homogeneity
                                                                          1. Isotropy
                                                                            1. Weyl's Postulate
                                                                            2. Robertson-Walker Metric
                                                                              1. Spatial Curvature
                                                                                1. Comoving Coordinates
                                                                                  1. Proper Distance
                                                                                  2. Friedmann Equations
                                                                                    1. Derivation from Einstein Equations
                                                                                      1. First Friedmann Equation
                                                                                        1. Second Friedmann Equation
                                                                                          1. Continuity Equation
                                                                                          2. Critical Density
                                                                                            1. Definition and Significance
                                                                                              1. Density Parameters
                                                                                                1. Curvature Parameter
                                                                                              2. Cosmological Models
                                                                                                1. Einstein-de Sitter Model
                                                                                                  1. Matter-Dominated Universe
                                                                                                    1. Flat Geometry
                                                                                                    2. Open and Closed Models
                                                                                                      1. Curvature Effects
                                                                                                        1. Ultimate Fate
                                                                                                        2. Lambda-CDM Model
                                                                                                          1. Standard Cosmological Model
                                                                                                            1. Parameter Values
                                                                                                              1. Observational Support
                                                                                                            2. Dark Matter
                                                                                                              1. Evidence for Dark Matter
                                                                                                                1. Galaxy Rotation Curves
                                                                                                                  1. Cluster Dynamics
                                                                                                                    1. Gravitational Lensing
                                                                                                                      1. Structure Formation
                                                                                                                      2. Dark Matter Candidates
                                                                                                                        1. Weakly Interacting Massive Particles
                                                                                                                          1. Axions
                                                                                                                            1. Sterile Neutrinos
                                                                                                                              1. Primordial Black Holes
                                                                                                                              2. Direct and Indirect Detection
                                                                                                                                1. Underground Experiments
                                                                                                                                  1. Particle Accelerators
                                                                                                                                    1. Astrophysical Signatures
                                                                                                                                  2. Dark Energy
                                                                                                                                    1. Accelerating Universe
                                                                                                                                      1. Type Ia Supernova Observations
                                                                                                                                        1. Distance-Redshift Relations
                                                                                                                                        2. Cosmological Constant
                                                                                                                                          1. Einstein's Original Idea
                                                                                                                                            1. Vacuum Energy
                                                                                                                                              1. Fine-Tuning Problem
                                                                                                                                              2. Alternative Models
                                                                                                                                                1. Quintessence
                                                                                                                                                  1. Phantom Energy
                                                                                                                                                    1. Modified Gravity
                                                                                                                                                    2. Observational Constraints
                                                                                                                                                      1. Supernova Surveys
                                                                                                                                                        1. Baryon Acoustic Oscillations
                                                                                                                                                          1. Cosmic Microwave Background
                                                                                                                                                      2. Early Universe and Inflation
                                                                                                                                                        1. Thermal History
                                                                                                                                                          1. Planck Epoch
                                                                                                                                                            1. Quantum Gravity Era
                                                                                                                                                              1. Fundamental Limits
                                                                                                                                                              2. Grand Unification Epoch
                                                                                                                                                                1. Symmetry Breaking
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Phase Transitions
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Electroweak Epoch
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Particle Physics
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Baryogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Nucleosynthesis Epoch
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Light Element Formation
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Recombination Epoch
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Neutral Atom Formation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Photon Decoupling
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Cosmic Inflation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Motivation for Inflation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flatness Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Horizon Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Monopole Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Inflationary Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Scalar Field Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Exponential Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Slow-Roll Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Predictions of Inflation
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Flatness
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gaussian Fluctuations
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Scale-Invariant Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gravitational Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Observational Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. CMB Anisotropies
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Primordial Gravitational Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Non-Gaussianity
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Structure Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Linear Perturbation Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Growth of Density Fluctuations
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Transfer Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Power Spectrum Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Nonlinear Structure Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spherical Collapse Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Press-Schechter Formalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. N-body Simulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Galaxy Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cooling and Condensation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Star Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Feedback Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cosmological Parameters and Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Parameter Estimation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bayesian Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Markov Chain Monte Carlo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Parameter Degeneracies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Systematic Uncertainties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Observational Probes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Type Ia Supernovae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Standard Candle Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Systematic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Distance Measurements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Baryon Acoustic Oscillations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Standard Ruler
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Galaxy Surveys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lyman-alpha Forest
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cosmic Microwave Background
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Temperature and Polarization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Parameter Constraints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Weak Gravitational Lensing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cosmic Shear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mass Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Galaxy Clustering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Redshift-Space Distortions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bias Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Tensions and Anomalies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hubble Tension
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Local vs. Global Measurements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Systematic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. New Physics Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Sigma-8 Tension
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Matter Clustering Amplitude
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Weak Lensing vs. CMB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Other Anomalies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. CMB Anomalies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lithium Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Future of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cosmic Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Matter-Dominated Era
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dark Energy-Dominated Era
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Asymptotic Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Ultimate Fate Scenarios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Big Freeze (Heat Death)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Continued Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Entropy Increase
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stellar Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Big Rip
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Phantom Dark Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bound System Disruption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Big Crunch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Closed Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gravitational Collapse
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Cyclic Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bounce Scenarios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ekpyrotic Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Far Future Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Stellar Evolution and Death
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Black Hole Era
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Proton Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vacuum Decay

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                6. High-Energy Astrophysics