Astrophysics

  1. Stellar Astrophysics
    1. Stellar Formation
      1. Interstellar Medium
        1. Composition and Properties
          1. Gas Component
            1. Hydrogen
              1. Helium
                1. Heavy Elements
                2. Dust Component
                  1. Silicate Grains
                    1. Carbonaceous Grains
                      1. Ice Mantles
                      2. Phases of the ISM
                        1. Hot Ionized Medium
                          1. Warm Ionized Medium
                            1. Warm Neutral Medium
                              1. Cold Neutral Medium
                                1. Molecular Medium
                              2. Giant Molecular Clouds
                                1. Structure and Properties
                                  1. Conditions for Star Formation
                                    1. Observational Signatures
                                      1. CO as a Tracer
                                        1. Virial Equilibrium
                                        2. Turbulence and Magnetic Fields
                                          1. Turbulent Support
                                            1. Magnetic Pressure
                                              1. Ambipolar Diffusion
                                            2. Gravitational Collapse
                                              1. Jeans Instability
                                                1. Jeans Mass
                                                  1. Jeans Length
                                                    1. Critical Conditions
                                                    2. Fragmentation Process
                                                      1. Hierarchical Fragmentation
                                                        1. Protostellar Cores
                                                          1. Initial Mass Function Origins
                                                          2. Larson Cores
                                                            1. First Larson Core
                                                              1. Second Larson Core
                                                                1. Hydrostatic Core Formation
                                                              2. Protostellar Evolution
                                                                1. Protostar Formation
                                                                  1. Accretion Phase
                                                                    1. Kelvin-Helmholtz Contraction
                                                                      1. Deuterium Burning
                                                                      2. Pre-Main-Sequence Evolution
                                                                        1. Hayashi Track
                                                                          1. Henyey Track
                                                                            1. Convective Zones
                                                                            2. T Tauri Stars
                                                                              1. Properties and Characteristics
                                                                                1. Variability
                                                                                  1. Stellar Winds
                                                                                    1. Accretion Disks
                                                                                    2. Herbig Ae/Be Stars
                                                                                      1. Intermediate-Mass Pre-MS Stars
                                                                                        1. Observational Properties
                                                                                        2. Brown Dwarfs
                                                                                          1. Substellar Objects
                                                                                            1. Deuterium Burning Limit
                                                                                              1. Lithium Test
                                                                                            2. Circumstellar Disks and Outflows
                                                                                              1. Protoplanetary Disks
                                                                                                1. Disk Structure
                                                                                                  1. Viscous Evolution
                                                                                                    1. Planet Formation
                                                                                                    2. Stellar Outflows
                                                                                                      1. Bipolar Jets
                                                                                                        1. Herbig-Haro Objects
                                                                                                          1. Molecular Outflows
                                                                                                          2. Disk Dispersal
                                                                                                            1. Photoevaporation
                                                                                                              1. Stellar Winds
                                                                                                                1. Planet Formation Effects
                                                                                                              2. Initial Mass Function
                                                                                                                1. Definition and Importance
                                                                                                                  1. Salpeter IMF
                                                                                                                    1. Kroupa IMF
                                                                                                                      1. Observational Determination
                                                                                                                        1. Universality Question
                                                                                                                      2. Stellar Structure and Evolution
                                                                                                                        1. Stellar Structure Equations
                                                                                                                          1. Hydrostatic Equilibrium
                                                                                                                            1. Balance of Forces
                                                                                                                              1. Pressure Gradient
                                                                                                                                1. Gravitational Force
                                                                                                                                2. Mass Conservation
                                                                                                                                  1. Mass Continuity Equation
                                                                                                                                  2. Energy Transport
                                                                                                                                    1. Radiative Transport
                                                                                                                                      1. Radiative Transfer Equation
                                                                                                                                        1. Opacity Sources
                                                                                                                                          1. Rosseland Mean Opacity
                                                                                                                                          2. Convective Transport
                                                                                                                                            1. Convective Instability
                                                                                                                                              1. Schwarzschild Criterion
                                                                                                                                                1. Mixing Length Theory
                                                                                                                                                  1. Convective Overshooting
                                                                                                                                                  2. Conductive Transport
                                                                                                                                                    1. Role in Degenerate Matter
                                                                                                                                                  3. Energy Generation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Nuclear Fusion Rates
                                                                                                                                                      1. Temperature Dependence
                                                                                                                                                        1. Neutrino Losses
                                                                                                                                                      2. Nuclear Fusion Processes
                                                                                                                                                        1. Hydrogen Burning
                                                                                                                                                          1. Proton-Proton Chain
                                                                                                                                                            1. PP I Chain
                                                                                                                                                              1. PP II Chain
                                                                                                                                                                1. PP III Chain
                                                                                                                                                                2. Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                  1. CNO-I Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                    1. CNO-II Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Temperature Dependence
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Helium Burning
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Triple-Alpha Process
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Alpha Capture Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Carbon and Oxygen Production
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Advanced Burning Stages
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Carbon Burning
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Neon Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Oxygen Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Silicon Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Iron Peak Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Stellar Atmospheres
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Atmospheric Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Photosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chromosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Corona
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temperature Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Radiative Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Source Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Optical Depth
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Limb Darkening
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Spectral Line Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Non-LTE Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Curve of Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Stellar Winds
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mass Loss Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wind Acceleration
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Terminal Velocity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Stellar Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spectral Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. O-type Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. B-type Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. A-type Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. F-type Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. G-type Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. K-type Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. M-type Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Extended Classification (L, T, Y)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Luminosity Classes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Main Sequence (V)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Subgiants (IV)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Giants (III)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bright Giants (II)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Supergiants (I)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Main Sequence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Giant Branch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Horizontal Branch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Asymptotic Giant Branch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. White Dwarf Region
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Evolutionary Tracks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Isochrones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Stellar Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Main Sequence Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Zero Age Main Sequence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hydrogen Burning Lifetime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mass-Luminosity Relation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Main Sequence Turnoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Stellar Mass Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Post-Main-Sequence Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Low-Mass Stars (M < 2 M☉)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Subgiant Branch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Red Giant Branch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Shell Hydrogen Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Convective Envelope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Helium Flash
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Core Helium Ignition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Degenerate Core
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Horizontal Branch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Core Helium Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. RR Lyrae Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Asymptotic Giant Branch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Double Shell Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Thermal Pulses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dredge-up Events
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Planetary Nebula Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mass Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Envelope Ejection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Central Star Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Intermediate-Mass Stars (2-8 M☉)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Carbon Ignition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Super-AGB Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Electron Capture Supernovae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. High-Mass Stars (M > 8 M☉)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Blue and Red Supergiant Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wolf-Rayet Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Luminous Blue Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Advanced Nuclear Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Core Collapse
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Type II Supernovae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Type Ib/Ic Supernovae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Variable Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pulsating Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cepheid Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Classical Cepheids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Type II Cepheids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Period-Luminosity Relation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. RR Lyrae Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Delta Scuti Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mira Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Eruptive Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. T Tauri Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. FU Orionis Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Luminous Blue Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cataclysmic Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Novae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dwarf Novae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Symbiotic Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Stellar Remnants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. White Dwarfs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Formation Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Electron Degeneracy Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chandrasekhar Limit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mass-Radius Relation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cooling Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Crystallization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Observational Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. DA, DB, DC Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Neutron Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Formation in Core Collapse
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Neutron Degeneracy Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff Limit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Equation of State
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Internal Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Outer Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Inner Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Outer Core
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Inner Core
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pulsars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Rotation and Emission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lighthouse Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pulsar Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Millisecond Pulsars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pulsar Planets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Magnetars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Extreme Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Soft Gamma Repeaters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anomalous X-ray Pulsars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Black Holes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stellar-Mass Black Holes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Formation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Event Horizon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Schwarzschild Radius
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Singularity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hawking Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Information Paradox
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Observational Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. X-ray Binaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gravitational Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Direct Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Binary and Multiple Star Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Binary Star Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Visual Binaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Orbital Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mass Determination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Spectroscopic Binaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Radial Velocity Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Single-lined Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Double-lined Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Eclipsing Binaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Light Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Contact Binaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Detached Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Semi-detached Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Astrometric Binaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Binary Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Roche Lobe Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mass Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Conservative Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Non-conservative Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Common Envelope Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Accretion Disks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Disk Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Viscous Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Boundary Layer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Stellar Mergers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Contact Binaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Blue Stragglers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cataclysmic Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Classical Novae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Thermonuclear Runaway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Recurrent Novae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Type Ia Supernovae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Single Degenerate Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Double Degenerate Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Progenitor Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Dwarf Novae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Disk Instability Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Outburst Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Compact Object Binaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. X-ray Binaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Low-Mass X-ray Binaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. High-Mass X-ray Binaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Accretion Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Gravitational Wave Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Binary Black Holes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Binary Neutron Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mixed Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Inspiral and Merger

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Foundations of Astrophysics

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Galactic Astrophysics