Applications of Stable and Radioactive Isotopes

  1. Safety and Handling
    1. Radiation Protection Principles
      1. Fundamental Principles
        1. Time Minimization
          1. Distance Maximization
            1. Shielding Optimization
            2. Dose Limits and Monitoring
              1. Occupational Dose Limits
                1. Public Dose Limits
                  1. Personal Dosimetry
                  2. ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable)
                    1. Implementation Strategies
                      1. Cost-Benefit Analysis
                        1. Monitoring and Record-Keeping
                          1. Training and Education
                        2. Regulatory Frameworks
                          1. International Organizations
                            1. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
                              1. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
                              2. National Regulations
                                1. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
                                  1. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
                                  2. Licensing and Compliance
                                    1. License Applications
                                      1. Inspection Programs
                                        1. Enforcement Actions
                                        2. Transport of Radioactive Materials
                                          1. Packaging Requirements
                                            1. Shipping Classifications
                                              1. Emergency Response
                                            2. Waste Management
                                              1. Classification Systems
                                                1. Low-Level Radioactive Waste
                                                  1. Class A Waste
                                                    1. Class B Waste
                                                      1. Class C Waste
                                                      2. Intermediate-Level Waste
                                                        1. High-Level Radioactive Waste
                                                          1. Spent Nuclear Fuel
                                                            1. Reprocessing Waste
                                                          2. Disposal and Storage Solutions
                                                            1. Near-Surface Disposal
                                                              1. Shallow Land Burial
                                                                1. Engineered Barriers
                                                                2. Deep Geological Disposal
                                                                  1. Repository Design
                                                                    1. Multi-barrier Systems
                                                                    2. Interim Storage
                                                                      1. Dry Cask Storage
                                                                        1. Pool Storage
                                                                      2. Environmental Considerations
                                                                        1. Groundwater Protection
                                                                          1. Long-term Monitoring
                                                                            1. Site Characterization
                                                                              1. Performance Assessment

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                                                                          4. Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques

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                                                                          1. Fundamentals of Isotopes