Applications of Stable and Radioactive Isotopes

  1. Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques
    1. Measurement of Radioactive Isotopes
      1. Gas-Filled Detectors
        1. Geiger-Müller Counters
          1. Principle of Operation
            1. Applications and Limitations
              1. Dead Time Considerations
              2. Proportional Counters
                1. Gas Multiplication Process
                  1. Energy Resolution
                2. Scintillation Detectors
                  1. Liquid Scintillation Counting
                    1. Sample Preparation
                      1. Quench Correction
                      2. Solid Scintillation Detectors
                        1. NaI(Tl) Detectors
                          1. Plastic Scintillators
                          2. Signal Processing
                            1. Photomultiplier Tubes
                              1. Pulse Height Analysis
                            2. Semiconductor Detectors
                              1. Silicon Detectors
                                1. Surface Barrier Detectors
                                  1. Ion Implanted Detectors
                                  2. Germanium Detectors
                                    1. High-Purity Germanium (HPGe)
                                      1. Liquid Nitrogen Cooling
                                      2. Energy Resolution and Sensitivity
                                        1. Peak Resolution
                                          1. Detection Efficiency
                                        2. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)
                                          1. Principle and Applications
                                            1. Ion Acceleration and Analysis
                                              1. Background Reduction
                                              2. Sample Preparation
                                                1. Chemical Purification
                                                  1. Target Preparation
                                                  2. Applications to Low-Abundance Isotopes
                                                    1. Carbon-14 Dating
                                                      1. Beryllium-10 Analysis
                                                  3. Measurement of Stable Isotopes
                                                    1. Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS)
                                                      1. Principle of Operation
                                                        1. Magnetic Sector Mass Spectrometry
                                                          1. Ion Source Design
                                                          2. Sample Introduction Systems
                                                            1. Elemental Analyzer Interface
                                                              1. Gas Chromatography Interface
                                                                1. Carbonate Reaction System
                                                                2. Sample Preparation
                                                                  1. Chemical Conversion
                                                                    1. Purification Procedures
                                                                    2. Data Interpretation
                                                                      1. Delta Notation
                                                                        1. Reference Standards
                                                                          1. Precision and Accuracy
                                                                        2. Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS)
                                                                          1. Principle and Applications
                                                                            1. Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
                                                                              1. Real-time Analysis
                                                                              2. Water Isotope Analysis
                                                                                1. Vapor Phase Measurements
                                                                                  1. Liquid Injection Systems
                                                                                2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
                                                                                  1. Isotope-Specific NMR
                                                                                    1. Carbon-13 NMR
                                                                                      1. Nitrogen-15 NMR
                                                                                      2. Applications in Chemistry and Biology
                                                                                        1. Metabolic Studies
                                                                                          1. Structural Analysis

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                                                                                    3. Applications of Stable Isotopes

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                                                                                    5. Safety and Handling