Analytical Chemistry

3.

Statistical Treatment of Analytical Data

3.1.

Types and Sources of Errors

3.1.1.

Systematic Errors

3.1.1.1.

Instrumental Errors

3.1.1.2.

3.1.1.3.

Personal Errors

3.1.2.

3.1.2.1.

Sources of Random Error

3.1.2.2.

Error Propagation

3.1.3.

3.1.3.1.

Identification Methods

3.1.3.2.

Prevention Strategies

3.2.

Data Quality Assessment

3.2.1.

Replicates and Reproducibility

3.2.2.

Outlier Detection Methods

3.2.3.

Data Validation Procedures

3.3.

Descriptive Statistics

3.3.1.

Measures of Central Tendency

3.3.1.1.

3.3.1.2.

3.3.1.3.

3.3.2.

Measures of Dispersion

3.3.2.1.

3.3.2.2.

Standard Deviation

3.3.2.3.

3.3.2.4.

Coefficient of Variation

3.4.

Accuracy and Precision

3.4.1.

Definitions and Distinctions

3.4.2.

Accuracy Expression

3.4.2.1.

3.4.2.2.

3.4.2.3.

3.4.3.

Precision Expression

3.4.3.1.

3.4.3.2.

Reproducibility

3.5.

Confidence Intervals

3.5.1.

Confidence Interval Calculation

3.5.2.

Confidence Limit Interpretation

3.5.3.

Student's t-Distribution

3.6.

Hypothesis Testing

3.6.1.

Null Hypothesis Formulation

3.6.2.

t-Test Applications

3.6.2.1.

One-Sample t-Test

3.6.2.2.

Two-Sample t-Test

3.6.2.3.

3.6.3.

F-Test for Variance Comparison

3.6.4.

Q-Test for Outlier Rejection

3.7.

Calibration Methods

3.7.1.

External Standard Calibration

3.7.1.1.

Linear Calibration Curves

3.7.1.2.

Nonlinear Calibration

3.7.1.3.

Curve Fitting Methods

3.7.2.

Standard Addition Method

3.7.2.1.

Matrix Effect Compensation

3.7.2.2.

Calculation Procedures

3.7.3.

Internal Standard Method

3.7.3.1.

Internal Standard Selection

3.7.3.2.

Variability Correction

3.8.

Linear Regression Analysis

3.8.1.

Least-Squares Method

3.8.2.

Slope and Intercept Calculation

3.8.3.

Correlation Coefficient

3.8.4.

Residual Analysis

3.9.

Detection and Quantitation Limits

3.9.1.

Limit of Detection

3.9.2.

Limit of Quantitation

3.9.3.

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

3.9.4.

Practical Considerations

3.10.

Quality Assurance and Control

3.10.1.

Quality Control Samples

3.10.2.

3.10.3.

Spike Recovery Studies

3.10.4.

3.10.5.

Method Validation Parameters

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2. Fundamental Laboratory Operations

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4. Classical Methods of Analysis