Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids. Crystallography is a fundamental subject in the fields of materials science and solid-state physics (condensed matter physics). The word "crystallography" is derived from the Greek words κρύσταλλος (krystallos) "clear ice, rock-crystal", with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and γράφειν (graphein) "to write". In July 2012, the United Nations recognised the importance of the science of crystallography by proclaiming that 2014 would be the International Year of Crystallography. Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography (see below), the study of crystals was based on physical measurements of their geometry using a goniometer. This involved measuring the angles of crystal faces relative to each other and to theoretical reference axes (crystallographic axes), and establishing the symmetry of the crystal in question. The position in 3D space of each crystal face is plotted on a stereographic net such as a Wulff net or Lambert net. The pole to each face is plotted on the net. Each point is labelled with its Miller index. The final plot allows the symmetry of the crystal to be established. Crystallographic methods now depend on analysis of the diffraction patterns of a sample targeted by a beam of some type. X-rays are most commonly used; other beams used include electrons or neutrons. Crystallographers often explicitly state the type of beam used, as in the terms X-ray crystallography, neutron diffraction and electron diffraction. These three types of radiation interact with the specimen in different ways. * X-rays interact with the spatial distribution of electrons in the sample. * Electrons are charged particles and therefore interact with the total charge distribution of both the atomic nuclei and the electrons of the sample. * Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei through the strong nuclear forces, but in addition, the magnetic moment of neutrons is non-zero. They are therefore also scattered by magnetic fields. When neutrons are scattered from hydrogen-containing materials, they produce diffraction patterns with high noise levels. However, the material can sometimes be treated to substitute deuterium for hydrogen. Because of these different forms of interaction, the three types of radiation are suitable for different crystallographic studies. (Wikipedia).
Celebrating Crystallography - An animated adventure
NEW: Now with French or Spanish subtitles (click on the 'Captions' icon to select). Plus... Watch the French language version here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvLu7BOsJhM X-ray crystallography is arguably one of the greatest innovations of the twentieth century, but not that many peo
From playlist Celebrating Crystallography
Understanding Crystallography - Part 1: From Proteins to Crystals
How can you determine the structure of a complex molecule from a single crystal? Professor Elspeth Garman take us on a journey into the world of crystallography - from protein production and purification to growing the right type of crystals. In her laboratory at the University of Oxfor
From playlist Celebrating Crystallography
Crystallization - Chem Definition
Why are bearded chemists better at crystallization? More chemistry at http://www.periodicvideos.com/
From playlist Chem Definition - Periodic Videos
A short explanation of how to think in about crystallographic directions and planes and how they are different than directions and planes in a Cartesian coordinate systems.
From playlist Atomic Structures and Bonding
We are used to using a theory like VSEPR theory to predict molecular geometry, but unfortunately with coordination compounds, things are not so simple, because of those pesky d orbitals on the central metal atom. Crystal field theory is a model that is quite successful in predicting the ge
From playlist General Chemistry
We don't normally think of polymers as crystalline. However, they can be highly crystalline depending on structure and processing conditions. Simple linear polymers tend to have high crystallinity, particularly if they are allowed to cool slowly from the melt. Polymers often have portions
From playlist Materials Sciences 101 - Introduction to Materials Science & Engineering 2020
Seeing Things in a Different Light: How X-ray crystallography revealed the structure of everything
X-Ray Crystallography might seem like an obscure, even unheard of field of research; however structural analysis has played a part in almost every major scientific field since its discovery 100 years ago by William Henry, and William Lawrence Bragg. In this Friday Evening Discourse at the
From playlist Celebrating Crystallography
Ceramic Crystal Structure Geometry
A description of how different bonding causes different geometries in ceramic crystal structures.
From playlist Atomic Structures and Bonding
Crystallography Open Database tutorial
How to use the Crystallography Open Database (COD) to search for and download crystal structure information including cif files.
From playlist Software tutorials
CurrentChem Ep 2 - Protein Crystallography
Particle accelerators, diseases and magical crystals. On CurrentChem Episode 2 are 3 PhD researchers combining chemistry, biology and physics to determine the structure of proteins and other molecules through X-ray crystallography. Presentations: Michal: 17:49 Keith: 38:50 Wolfgang: 1:01:
From playlist Current Chem
The humble Braggs and X-ray crystallography: Solving the patterns of matter
As the field of crystallography celebrates its centenary year we look back at how it all began -- with a father and son team and a humble salt crystal. With the help of archive footage and historic objects from the Ri, Patience Thomson, daughter of William Lawrence Bragg, presents an int
From playlist Celebrating Crystallography
R1. Determining, Analyzing, and Understanding Protein Structures
MIT 5.08J Biological Chemistry II, Spring 2016 View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/5-08JS16 Instructor: Shiva Mandala This recitation covers different techniques that are used to determine protein structure, as well as using the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Students then complete a
From playlist MIT 5.08J Biological Chemistry II, Spring 2016
MIT 3.60 | Lec 1a: Symmetry, Structure, Tensor Properties of
Introduction to Crystallography View the complete course at: http://ocw.mit.edu/3-60F05 License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
From playlist MIT 3.60 Symmetry, Structure & Tensor Properties of Material
Célébrons la cristallographie !
Watch the English language version here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqQlwYv8VQI La cristallographie aux rayons X est sans doute l'une des plus grandes découvertes du vingtième siècle. Pourtant, on en parle peu et ses origines restent méconnues. Rejoignez-nous pour un voyage animé à
From playlist Celebrating Crystallography
Chromosome 22 - Myoglobin (a brief history of structural biology)
EXPLORE THE RI ADVENT CALENDAR: http://rigb.org.uk/advent One of the proteins in our bodies, called myoglobin, is a vital factor in the biochemical reactions that fuel our everyday activities. Encoded for by a gene on chromosome 22, myoglobin extracts oxygen from our red blood cells and
From playlist Celebrating Crystallography