Artin's conjecture on primitive roots
In number theory, Artin's conjecture on primitive roots states that a given integer a that is neither a square number nor −1 is a primitive root modulo infinitely many primes p. The conjecture also as
Deuring–Heilbronn phenomenon
In mathematics, the Deuring–Heilbronn phenomenon, discovered by Deuring and Heilbronn, states that a counterexample to the generalized Riemann hypothesis for one Dirichlet L-function affects the locat
Modular group
In mathematics, the modular group is the projective special linear group PSL(2, Z) of 2 × 2 matrices with integer coefficients and determinant 1. The matrices A and −A are identified. The modular grou
Van der Corput's method
In mathematics, van der Corput's method generates estimates for exponential sums. The method applies two processes, the van der Corput processes A and B which relate the sums into simpler sums which a
Goldbach's weak conjecture
In number theory, Goldbach's weak conjecture, also known as the odd Goldbach conjecture, the ternary Goldbach problem, or the 3-primes problem, states that Every odd number greater than 5 can be expre
Riesel number
In mathematics, a Riesel number is an odd natural number k for which is composite for all natural numbers n (sequence in the OEIS). In other words, when k is a Riesel number, all members of the follow
Newman's conjecture
In mathematics, specifically in number theory, Newman's conjecture is a conjecture about the behavior of the partition function modulo any integer. Specifically, it states that for any integers m and
Heilbronn set
In mathematics, a Heilbronn set is an infinite set S of natural numbers for which every real number can be arbitrarily closely approximated by a fraction whose denominator is in S. For any given real
Brauer–Siegel theorem
In mathematics, the Brauer–Siegel theorem, named after Richard Brauer and Carl Ludwig Siegel, is an asymptotic result on the behaviour of algebraic number fields, obtained by Richard Brauer and Carl L
Elliott–Halberstam conjecture
In number theory, the Elliott–Halberstam conjecture is a conjecture about the distribution of prime numbers in arithmetic progressions. It has many applications in sieve theory. It is named for Peter
Euler product
In number theory, an Euler product is an expansion of a Dirichlet series into an infinite product indexed by prime numbers. The original such product was given for the sum of all positive integers rai
Dirichlet character
In analytic number theory and related branches of mathematics, a complex-valued arithmetic function is a Dirichlet character of modulus (where is a positive integer) if for all integers and : 1) i.e.
Exponential sum
In mathematics, an exponential sum may be a finite Fourier series (i.e. a trigonometric polynomial), or other finite sum formed using the exponential function, usually expressed by means of the functi
Constant problem
In mathematics, the constant problem is the problem of deciding whether a given expression is equal to zero.
Hua's lemma
In mathematics, Hua's lemma, named for Hua Loo-keng, is an estimate for exponential sums. It states that if P is an integral-valued polynomial of degree k, is a positive real number, and f a real func
Mertens conjecture
In mathematics, the Mertens conjecture is the statement that the Mertens function is bounded by . Although now disproven, it had been shown to imply the Riemann hypothesis. It was conjectured by Thoma
Prime-counting function
In mathematics, the prime-counting function is the function counting the number of prime numbers less than or equal to some real number x. It is denoted by π(x) (unrelated to the number π).
Character sum
In mathematics, a character sum is a sum of values of a Dirichlet character χ modulo N, taken over a given range of values of n. Such sums are basic in a number of questions, for example in the distri
Smooth number
In number theory, an n-smooth (or n-friable) number is an integer whose prime factors are all less than or equal to n. For example, a 7-smooth number is a number whose every prime factor is at most 7,
Legendre's constant
Legendre's constant is a mathematical constant occurring in a formula conjectured by Adrien-Marie Legendre to capture the asymptotic behavior of the prime-counting function . Its value is now known to
Stirling's approximation
In mathematics, Stirling's approximation (or Stirling's formula) is an approximation for factorials. It is a good approximation, leading to accurate results even for small values of . It is named afte
Effective results in number theory
For historical reasons and in order to have application to the solution of Diophantine equations, results in number theory have been scrutinised more than in other branches of mathematics to see if th
Modular form
In mathematics, a modular form is a (complex) analytic function on the upper half-plane satisfying a certain kind of functional equation with respect to the group action of the modular group, and also
Rank of an elliptic curve
In mathematics, the rank of an elliptic curve is the rational Mordell–Weil rank of an elliptic curve defined over the field of rational numbers. Mordell's theorem says the group of rational points on
Abstract analytic number theory
Abstract analytic number theory is a branch of mathematics which takes the ideas and techniques of classical analytic number theory and applies them to a variety of different mathematical fields. The
Second Hardy–Littlewood conjecture
In number theory, the second Hardy–Littlewood conjecture concerns the number of primes in intervals. Along with the first Hardy–Littlewood conjecture, the second Hardy–Littlewood conjecture was propos
The Music of the Primes
The Music of the Primes (British subtitle: Why an Unsolved Problem in Mathematics Matters; American subtitle: Searching to Solve the Greatest Mystery in Mathematics) is a 2003 book by Marcus du Sautoy
Transcendental number theory
Transcendental number theory is a branch of number theory that investigates transcendental numbers (numbers that are not solutions of any polynomial equation with rational coefficients), in both quali
Apéry's constant
In mathematics, Apéry's constant is the sum of the reciprocals of the positive cubes. That is, it is defined as the number where ζ is the Riemann zeta function. It has an approximate value of ζ(3) = 1
Fermat polygonal number theorem
In additive number theory, the Fermat polygonal number theorem states that every positive integer is a sum of at most n n-gonal numbers. That is, every positive integer can be written as the sum of th
Maier's matrix method
Maier's matrix method is a technique in analytic number theory due to Helmut Maier that is used to demonstrate the existence of intervals of natural numbers within which the prime numbers are distribu
Lehmer pair
In the study of the Riemann hypothesis, a Lehmer pair is a pair of zeros of the Riemann zeta function that are unusually close to each other. They are named after Derrick Henry Lehmer, who discovered
Pfister's sixteen-square identity
In algebra, Pfister's sixteen-square identity is a non-bilinear identity of form It was first proven to exist by H. Zassenhaus and W. Eichhorn in the 1960s, and independently by Albrecht Pfister aroun
Bombieri norm
In mathematics, the Bombieri norm, named after Enrico Bombieri, is a norm on homogeneous polynomials with coefficient in or (there is also a version for non homogeneous univariate polynomials). This n
Gilbreath's conjecture
Gilbreath's conjecture is a conjecture in number theory regarding the sequences generated by applying the forward difference operator to consecutive prime numbers and leaving the results unsigned, and
Schinzel's hypothesis H
In mathematics, Schinzel's hypothesis H is one of the most famous open problems in the topic of number theory. It is a very broad generalization of widely open conjectures such as the twin prime conje
Determinant method
In mathematics, the determinant method is any of a family of techniques in analytic number theory. The name was coined by Roger Heath-Brown and comes from the fact that the center piece of the method
Dirichlet density
In mathematics, the Dirichlet density (or analytic density) of a set of primes, named after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, is a measure of the size of the set that is easier to use than the natural d
Kloosterman sum
In mathematics, a Kloosterman sum is a particular kind of exponential sum. They are named for the Dutch mathematician Hendrik Kloosterman, who introduced them in 1926 when he adapted the Hardy–Littlew
Hardy–Littlewood circle method
In mathematics, the Hardy–Littlewood circle method is a technique of analytic number theory. It is named for G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood, who developed it in a series of papers on Waring's proble
Seventeen or Bust
Seventeen or Bust was a volunteer computing project started in March 2002 to solve the last seventeen cases in the Sierpinski problem. The project solved eleven cases before a server loss in April 201
Bateman–Horn conjecture
In number theory, the Bateman–Horn conjecture is a statement concerning the frequency of prime numbers among the values of a system of polynomials, named after mathematicians Paul T. Bateman and Roger
Riemann hypothesis
In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis is the conjecture that the Riemann zeta function has its zeros only at the negative even integers and complex numbers with real part 1/2. Many consider it to be
Porter's constant
In mathematics, Porter's constant C arises in the study of the efficiency of the Euclidean algorithm. It is named after J. W. Porter of University College, Cardiff. Euclid's algorithm finds the greate
De Bruijn–Newman constant
The de Bruijn–Newman constant, denoted by Λ and named after Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn and Charles M. Newman, is a mathematical constant defined via the zeros of a certain function H(λ, z), where λ is
Cramér's conjecture
In number theory, Cramér's conjecture, formulated by the Swedish mathematician Harald Cramér in 1936, is an estimate for the size of gaps between consecutive prime numbers: intuitively, that gaps betw
Classical modular curve
In number theory, the classical modular curve is an irreducible plane algebraic curve given by an equation Φn(x, y) = 0, such that (x, y) = (j(nτ), j(τ)) is a point on the curve. Here j(τ) denotes the
Analytic number theory
In mathematics, analytic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses methods from mathematical analysis to solve problems about the integers. It is often said to have begun with Peter Gustav
Mahler measure
In mathematics, the Mahler measure of a polynomial with complex coefficients is defined as where factorizes over the complex numbers as The Mahler measure can be viewed as a kind of height function. U
Riemann zeta function
The Riemann zeta function or Euler–Riemann zeta function, denoted by the Greek letter ζ (zeta), is a mathematical function of a complex variable defined as for and its analytic continuation elsewhere.
Voronoi formula
In mathematics, a Voronoi formula is an equality involving Fourier coefficients of automorphic forms, with the coefficients twisted by on either side. It can be regarded as a Poisson summation formula
Siegel G-function
In mathematics, the Siegel G-functions are a class of functions in transcendental number theory introduced by C. L. Siegel. They satisfy a linear differential equation with polynomial coefficients, an
Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm
In mathematics, the Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm is a fast algorithm for evaluating the Riemann zeta function at many points, introduced by (Odlyzko & Schönhage ). The main point is the use of the fast
Buchstab function
The Buchstab function (or Buchstab's function) is the unique continuous function defined by the delay differential equation In the second equation, the derivative at u = 2 should be taken as u approac
Multiplicative number theory
Multiplicative number theory is a subfield of analytic number theory that deals with prime numbers and with factorization and divisors. The focus is usually on developing approximate formulas for coun
Real analytic Eisenstein series
In mathematics, the simplest real analytic Eisenstein series is a special function of two variables. It is used in the representation theory of SL(2,R) and in analytic number theory. It is closely rel
Degen's eight-square identity
In mathematics, Degen's eight-square identity establishes that the product of two numbers, each of which is a sum of eight squares, is itself the sum of eight squares.Namely: First discovered by Carl
Elliptic curve
In mathematics, an elliptic curve is a smooth, projective, algebraic curve of genus one, on which there is a specified point O. An elliptic curve is defined over a field K and describes points in K2,
Dickman function
In analytic number theory, the Dickman function or Dickman–de Bruijn function ρ is a special function used to estimate the proportion of smooth numbers up to a given bound.It was first studied by actu
Lindelöf hypothesis
In mathematics, the Lindelöf hypothesis is a conjecture by Finnish mathematician Ernst Leonard Lindelöf (see ) about the rate of growth of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line. This hypothes
Birch's theorem
In mathematics, Birch's theorem, named for Bryan John Birch, is a statement about the representability of zero by odd degree forms.
Mahler's 3/2 problem
In mathematics, Mahler's 3/2 problem concerns the existence of "Z-numbers". A Z-number is a real number x such that the fractional parts of are less than 1/2 for all positive integers n. Kurt Mahler c
Turán's method
In mathematics, Turán's method provides lower bounds for exponential sums and complex power sums. The method has been applied to problems in equidistribution. The method applies to sums of the form wh
Chebotarev's density theorem
Chebotarev's density theorem in algebraic number theory describes statistically the splitting of primes in a given Galois extension K of the field of rational numbers. Generally speaking, a prime inte
Dirichlet series inversion
In analytic number theory, a Dirichlet series, or Dirichlet generating function (DGF), of a sequence is a common way of understanding and summing arithmetic functions in a meaningful way. A little kno
Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture
In mathematics, Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture is a conjecture made by Hugh Montgomery that the pair correlation between pairs of zeros of the Riemann zeta function (normalized to have unit
Eisenstein series
Eisenstein series, named after German mathematician Gotthold Eisenstein, are particular modular forms with infinite series expansions that may be written down directly. Originally defined for the modu
Lambert series
In mathematics, a Lambert series, named for Johann Heinrich Lambert, is a series taking the form It can be resumed formally by expanding the denominator: where the coefficients of the new series are g
Goldbach's conjecture
Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics. It states that every even natural number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime num
Divisor function
In mathematics, and specifically in number theory, a divisor function is an arithmetic function related to the divisors of an integer. When referred to as the divisor function, it counts the number of
Landau–Ramanujan constant
In mathematics and the field of number theory, the Landau–Ramanujan constant is the positive real number b that occurs in a theorem proved by Edmund Landau in 1908, stating that for large , the number