Web Tracking and Fingerprinting Techniques

  1. Hybrid and Evolving Tracking Methods
    1. Cross-Device Tracking
      1. Deterministic Matching
        1. User Account Linking
          1. Authentication Tokens
            1. Email-Based Matching
              1. Phone Number Matching
              2. Probabilistic Matching
                1. Attribute Correlation
                  1. Machine Learning Approaches
                    1. Statistical Analysis
                      1. Confidence Scoring
                      2. Graph-Based Approaches
                        1. Device Relationship Mapping
                          1. Behavioral Pattern Analysis
                        2. DNS and Network-Level Tracking
                          1. CNAME Cloaking
                            1. Subdomain Disguising
                              1. Third-Party Tracker Masking
                                1. Detection and Mitigation
                                2. DNS-Based Tracking
                                  1. Query Pattern Analysis
                                    1. Resolver Fingerprinting
                                  2. URL-Based Tracking
                                    1. Bounce Tracking
                                      1. Redirect Chains
                                        1. Parameter Passing
                                        2. URL Shortener Tracking
                                          1. Click Tracking
                                            1. Referrer Manipulation
                                          2. Resource-Based Tracking
                                            1. Favicon Tracking
                                              1. Cache-Based Identification
                                                1. Persistence Mechanisms
                                                2. CSS-Based Tracking
                                                  1. Style Sheet Fingerprinting
                                                    1. Font Loading Detection
                                                    2. Image-Based Tracking
                                                      1. Pixel Tracking
                                                        1. Image Cache Exploitation
                                                      2. Protocol-Level Tracking
                                                        1. HTTP/2 Connection Fingerprinting
                                                          1. Connection Characteristics
                                                            1. Stream Multiplexing Patterns
                                                            2. TLS Fingerprinting
                                                              1. Cipher Suite Selection
                                                                1. Extension Patterns
                                                                  1. Certificate Chain Analysis

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                                                              3. Stateless Tracking and Digital Fingerprinting

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                                                              5. Detection and Analysis of Tracking