Web Tracking and Fingerprinting Techniques

4.

Hybrid and Evolving Tracking Methods

4.1.

Cross-Device Tracking

4.1.1.

Deterministic Matching

4.1.1.1.

User Account Linking

4.1.1.2.

Authentication Tokens

4.1.1.3.

Email-Based Matching

4.1.1.4.

Phone Number Matching

4.1.2.

Probabilistic Matching

4.1.2.1.

Attribute Correlation

4.1.2.2.

Machine Learning Approaches

4.1.2.3.

Statistical Analysis

4.1.2.4.

Confidence Scoring

4.1.3.

Graph-Based Approaches

4.1.3.1.

Device Relationship Mapping

4.1.3.2.

Behavioral Pattern Analysis

4.2.

DNS and Network-Level Tracking

4.2.1.

4.2.1.1.

Subdomain Disguising

4.2.1.2.

Third-Party Tracker Masking

4.2.1.3.

Detection and Mitigation

4.2.2.

DNS-Based Tracking

4.2.2.1.

Query Pattern Analysis

4.2.2.2.

Resolver Fingerprinting

4.3.

URL-Based Tracking

4.3.1.

Bounce Tracking

4.3.1.1.

Link Decoration

4.3.1.2.

Redirect Chains

4.3.1.3.

Parameter Passing

4.3.2.

URL Shortener Tracking

4.3.2.1.

4.3.2.2.

Referrer Manipulation

4.4.

Resource-Based Tracking

4.4.1.

Favicon Tracking

4.4.1.1.

Cache-Based Identification

4.4.1.2.

Persistence Mechanisms

4.4.2.

CSS-Based Tracking

4.4.2.1.

Style Sheet Fingerprinting

4.4.2.2.

Font Loading Detection

4.4.3.

Image-Based Tracking

4.4.3.1.

4.4.3.2.

Image Cache Exploitation

4.5.

Protocol-Level Tracking

4.5.1.

HTTP/2 Connection Fingerprinting

4.5.1.1.

Connection Characteristics

4.5.1.2.

Stream Multiplexing Patterns

4.5.2.

TLS Fingerprinting

4.5.2.1.

Cipher Suite Selection

4.5.2.2.

Extension Patterns

4.5.2.3.

Certificate Chain Analysis

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3. Stateless Tracking and Digital Fingerprinting

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5. Detection and Analysis of Tracking