Water Resources Management

  1. Water Demands and Allocation
    1. Sectoral Water Use
      1. Agricultural Water Demand
        1. Irrigation Methods and Efficiency
          1. Surface Irrigation
            1. Furrow Irrigation
              1. Basin Irrigation
                1. Border Strip Irrigation
                2. Drip and Sprinkler Systems
                  1. Micro-irrigation Technologies
                    1. Precision Agriculture
                      1. Fertigation Systems
                      2. Water Use Efficiency Metrics
                        1. Irrigation Efficiency
                          1. Water Productivity
                            1. Crop per Drop Indicators
                          2. Crop Water Requirements
                            1. Crop Coefficients
                              1. Development of Crop Coefficients
                                1. Seasonal Variations
                                  1. Local Calibration
                                  2. Evapotranspiration Estimation
                                    1. Reference Evapotranspiration
                                      1. Crop Evapotranspiration
                                        1. Irrigation Scheduling
                                      2. Deficit Irrigation Strategies
                                        1. Salinity Management in Agriculture
                                        2. Municipal and Domestic Water Demand
                                          1. Urban vs. Rural Consumption
                                            1. Per Capita Use Patterns
                                              1. Indoor Water Use
                                                1. Outdoor Water Use
                                                  1. Socioeconomic Factors
                                                  2. Infrastructure Differences
                                                    1. Distribution System Efficiency
                                                      1. Storage Requirements
                                                        1. Treatment Needs
                                                      2. Demand Forecasting
                                                        1. Population Growth Impacts
                                                          1. Economic Development Effects
                                                            1. Seasonal and Diurnal Variations
                                                              1. Peak Demand Factors
                                                                1. Load Patterns
                                                                  1. Storage Requirements
                                                                2. Water Conservation Programs
                                                                  1. Non-revenue Water Management
                                                                  2. Industrial Water Demand
                                                                    1. Water for Cooling
                                                                      1. Once-through Cooling
                                                                        1. Recirculating Systems
                                                                          1. Cooling Tower Operations
                                                                          2. Water for Processing
                                                                            1. Manufacturing Processes
                                                                              1. Chemical Industries
                                                                                1. Food and Beverage Industries
                                                                                2. Water for Manufacturing
                                                                                  1. Textile Industries
                                                                                    1. Paper and Pulp Industries
                                                                                      1. Mining Operations
                                                                                      2. Water Recycling and Reuse in Industry
                                                                                        1. Process Water Recycling
                                                                                          1. Cooling Water Reuse
                                                                                            1. Zero Liquid Discharge Systems
                                                                                          2. Environmental Water Demand
                                                                                            1. Instream Flow Requirements
                                                                                              1. Methods for Determining Instream Flows
                                                                                                1. Hydrological Methods
                                                                                                  1. Hydraulic Rating Methods
                                                                                                    1. Habitat Simulation Methods
                                                                                                      1. Holistic Methods
                                                                                                      2. Fish and Wildlife Habitat Needs
                                                                                                      3. Ecosystem Water Needs
                                                                                                        1. Environmental Flow Assessments
                                                                                                          1. Wetland Water Requirements
                                                                                                            1. Riparian Vegetation Needs
                                                                                                            2. Water for Ecosystem Services
                                                                                                          2. Principles of Water Allocation
                                                                                                            1. Water Rights and Entitlements
                                                                                                              1. Customary and Traditional Rights
                                                                                                                1. Indigenous Water Rights
                                                                                                                  1. Community-based Management
                                                                                                                    1. Informal Water Sharing
                                                                                                                    2. Water Licensing and Permits
                                                                                                                    3. Prior Appropriation vs. Riparian Rights
                                                                                                                      1. Principles and Applications
                                                                                                                        1. First in Time, First in Right
                                                                                                                          1. Beneficial Use Requirements
                                                                                                                            1. Reasonable Use Doctrine
                                                                                                                            2. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                                              1. Security of Water Rights
                                                                                                                                1. Flexibility in Allocation
                                                                                                                                  1. Environmental Considerations
                                                                                                                                  2. Hybrid Systems
                                                                                                                                  3. Water Markets and Trading
                                                                                                                                    1. Water Trading Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                      1. Permanent Transfers
                                                                                                                                        1. Temporary Transfers
                                                                                                                                          1. Water Banking
                                                                                                                                          2. Market-based Allocation Approaches
                                                                                                                                            1. Price Discovery Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                              1. Transaction Costs
                                                                                                                                                1. Market Regulation
                                                                                                                                                2. Case Studies of Water Markets
                                                                                                                                                3. Equitable Distribution
                                                                                                                                                  1. Social Equity Considerations
                                                                                                                                                    1. Access to Basic Water Services
                                                                                                                                                      1. Affordability Issues
                                                                                                                                                        1. Distributional Impacts
                                                                                                                                                        2. Gender and Vulnerable Groups
                                                                                                                                                          1. Women's Role in Water Management
                                                                                                                                                            1. Children and Water Access
                                                                                                                                                              1. Marginalized Communities
                                                                                                                                                              2. Human Right to Water

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                                                                                                                                                          3. Water Resources Assessment and Monitoring

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                                                                                                                                                          5. Water Supply Infrastructure and Engineering