Water Resources Management

3.

Water Resources Assessment and Monitoring

3.1.

Surface Water Hydrology

3.1.1.

Streamflow Measurement

3.1.1.1.

Gauging Stations

3.1.1.1.1.

Station Selection and Design

3.1.1.1.2.

Equipment Installation

3.1.1.1.3.

Data Transmission Systems

3.1.1.2.

Flow Measurement Techniques

3.1.1.2.1.

3.1.1.2.2.

Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers

3.1.1.2.3.

Weirs and Flumes

3.1.1.2.4.

Remote Sensing Methods

3.1.1.3.

Rating Curve Development

3.1.2.

Hydrograph Analysis

3.1.2.1.

Types of Hydrographs

3.1.2.1.1.

Storm Hydrographs

3.1.2.1.2.

Annual Hydrographs

3.1.2.1.3.

Flow Duration Curves

3.1.2.2.

Baseflow Separation

3.1.2.2.1.

Graphical Methods

3.1.2.2.2.

Digital Filter Methods

3.1.2.2.3.

Chemical Tracer Methods

3.1.2.3.

Peak Flow Analysis

3.1.3.

Rainfall-Runoff Modeling

3.1.3.1.

3.1.3.1.1.

Empirical Models

3.1.3.1.2.

Conceptual Models

3.1.3.1.3.

Physically-based Models

3.1.3.1.4.

Distributed vs. Lumped Models

3.1.3.2.

Model Calibration and Validation

3.1.3.2.1.

Parameter Estimation

3.1.3.2.2.

Objective Functions

3.1.3.2.3.

Uncertainty Assessment

3.1.3.3.

Popular Modeling Software

3.1.4.

Flood Frequency Analysis

3.1.4.1.

Statistical Methods

3.1.4.1.1.

Probability Distributions

3.1.4.1.2.

Parameter Estimation Methods

3.1.4.1.3.

Goodness-of-fit Tests

3.1.4.2.

Return Periods and Risk Assessment

3.1.4.2.1.

Design Flood Estimation

3.1.4.2.2.

Risk-based Design

3.1.4.2.3.

Climate Change Considerations

3.2.

Groundwater Hydrology (Hydrogeology)

3.2.1.

Aquifer Characterization

3.2.1.1.

Hydraulic Conductivity and Porosity

3.2.1.1.1.

Laboratory Testing Methods

3.2.1.1.2.

Field Testing Procedures

3.2.1.1.3.

3.2.1.2.

Aquifer Mapping Techniques

3.2.1.2.1.

Geological Mapping

3.2.1.2.2.

Geophysical Methods

3.2.1.2.3.

Borehole Logging

3.2.2.

Pumping Tests and Well Hydraulics

3.2.2.1.

Test Design and Data Collection

3.2.2.1.1.

Constant Rate Tests

3.2.2.1.2.

Step-drawdown Tests

3.2.2.1.3.

3.2.2.2.

Analysis of Drawdown Data

3.2.2.2.1.

3.2.2.2.2.

Cooper-Jacob Method

3.2.2.2.3.

3.2.2.3.

Well Efficiency and Specific Capacity

3.2.3.

Groundwater Flow Modeling

3.2.3.1.

Conceptual Model Development

3.2.3.1.1.

Hydrogeological Framework

3.2.3.1.2.

Boundary Conditions

3.2.3.1.3.

Initial Conditions

3.2.3.2.

Numerical Modeling Tools

3.2.3.2.1.

Finite Difference Methods

3.2.3.2.2.

Finite Element Methods

3.2.3.2.3.

Popular Software Packages

3.2.3.3.

Model Calibration and Validation

3.2.4.

Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions

3.2.4.1.

Exchange Processes

3.2.4.1.1.

Gaining and Losing Streams

3.2.4.1.2.

Bank Storage Effects

3.2.4.1.3.

Hyporheic Zone Processes

3.2.4.2.

Impacts on Water Availability and Quality

3.2.4.3.

Measurement and Modeling Techniques

3.3.

3.3.1.

Key Water Quality Parameters

3.3.1.1.

Physical Parameters

3.3.1.1.1.

3.3.1.1.1.1.

Thermal Pollution Sources

3.3.1.1.1.2.

Ecological Impacts

3.3.1.1.1.3.

Measurement Methods

3.3.1.1.2.

3.3.1.1.2.1.

Causes and Sources

3.3.1.1.2.2.

Measurement Techniques

3.3.1.1.2.3.

Treatment Implications

3.3.1.1.3.

3.3.1.1.3.1.

Natural and Anthropogenic Sources

3.3.1.1.3.2.

Aesthetic Considerations

3.3.1.1.3.3.

Treatment Methods

3.3.1.1.4.

Total Suspended Solids

3.3.1.1.5.

Electrical Conductivity

3.3.1.2.

Chemical Parameters

3.3.1.2.1.

3.3.1.2.1.1.

Acid-Base Chemistry

3.3.1.2.1.2.

Buffering Capacity

3.3.1.2.1.3.

Ecological Significance

3.3.1.2.2.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

3.3.1.2.2.1.

Oxygen Solubility

3.3.1.2.2.2.

Reaeration Processes

3.3.1.2.2.3.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

3.3.1.2.3.

3.3.1.2.3.1.

Nitrogen Compounds

3.3.1.2.3.1.1.

3.3.1.2.3.1.2.

3.3.1.2.3.1.3.

3.3.1.2.3.1.4.

Organic Nitrogen

3.3.1.2.3.2.

Phosphorus Compounds

3.3.1.2.3.2.1.

3.3.1.2.3.2.2.

Total Phosphorus

3.3.1.2.3.2.3.

Organic Phosphorus

3.3.1.2.3.3.

Eutrophication Processes

3.3.1.2.4.

Heavy Metals and Toxic Substances

3.3.1.2.4.1.

Common Heavy Metals

3.3.1.2.4.2.

Organic Pollutants

3.3.1.2.4.3.

Pesticides and Herbicides

3.3.1.2.4.4.

Emerging Contaminants

3.3.1.2.5.

Alkalinity and Hardness

3.3.1.3.

Biological Parameters

3.3.1.3.1.

3.3.1.3.1.1.

3.3.1.3.1.2.

3.3.1.3.1.3.

3.3.1.3.1.4.

Pathogenic Bacteria

3.3.1.3.2.

Algae and Cyanobacteria

3.3.1.3.2.1.

Algal Biomass Indicators

3.3.1.3.2.2.

Harmful Algal Blooms

3.3.1.3.2.3.

Toxin Production

3.3.1.3.3.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

3.3.1.3.4.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

3.3.1.3.5.

Biological Indicators

3.3.2.

Water Sampling and Analysis Techniques

3.3.2.1.

Sampling Protocols

3.3.2.1.1.

Sampling Design

3.3.2.1.2.

Quality Assurance/Quality Control

3.3.2.1.3.

Chain of Custody Procedures

3.3.2.2.

Laboratory Analysis Methods

3.3.2.2.1.

Spectrophotometry

3.3.2.2.2.

3.3.2.2.3.

Mass Spectrometry

3.3.2.2.4.

Microbiological Methods

3.3.2.3.

In-situ Monitoring Tools

3.3.2.3.1.

Multi-parameter Probes

3.3.2.3.2.

Automated Monitoring Systems

3.3.2.3.3.

Continuous Monitoring Networks

3.3.3.

Water Quality Standards and Indices

3.3.3.1.

National and International Standards

3.3.3.1.1.

3.3.3.1.2.

3.3.3.1.3.

National Drinking Water Standards

3.3.3.2.

Water Quality Index (WQI) Calculation

3.3.3.2.1.

Index Development

3.3.3.2.2.

Parameter Selection and Weighting

3.3.3.2.3.

Interpretation and Application

3.3.3.3.

Biological Assessment Methods

3.3.4.

Point and Non-point Source Pollution

3.3.4.1.

Sources and Pathways

3.3.4.1.1.

Industrial Discharges

3.3.4.1.2.

Municipal Wastewater

3.3.4.1.3.

Agricultural Runoff

3.3.4.1.4.

Urban Stormwater

3.3.4.1.5.

Atmospheric Deposition

3.3.4.2.

Pollution Control Strategies

3.3.4.2.1.

Source Control Measures

3.3.4.2.2.

Treatment Technologies

3.3.4.2.3.

Best Management Practices

3.3.4.2.4.

Regulatory Approaches

3.4.

Data Collection and Management

3.4.1.

Remote Sensing and GIS Applications

3.4.1.1.

Satellite-based Water Monitoring

3.4.1.1.1.

Optical Remote Sensing

3.4.1.1.2.

Radar Remote Sensing

3.4.1.1.3.

Thermal Infrared Sensing

3.4.1.2.

GIS for Water Resource Mapping

3.4.1.2.1.

Spatial Data Management

3.4.1.2.2.

Hydrological Modeling

3.4.1.2.3.

Decision Support Systems

3.4.1.3.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

3.4.2.

Hydrometric Networks

3.4.2.1.

Network Design and Operation

3.4.2.1.1.

Station Density Requirements

3.4.2.1.2.

Data Collection Protocols

3.4.2.1.3.

Equipment Maintenance

3.4.2.2.

Data Quality Assurance

3.4.2.2.1.

Data Validation Procedures

3.4.2.2.2.

Error Detection and Correction

3.4.2.2.3.

Metadata Management

3.4.2.3.

Telemetry and Real-time Monitoring

3.4.3.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

3.4.3.1.

Time Series Analysis

3.4.3.1.1.

3.4.3.1.2.

Seasonal Decomposition

3.4.3.1.3.

Autocorrelation Analysis

3.4.3.2.

Trend Detection and Forecasting

3.4.3.2.1.

Statistical Trend Tests

3.4.3.2.2.

Forecasting Methods

3.4.3.2.3.

Uncertainty Quantification

3.4.3.3.

Data Mining and Machine Learning

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4. Water Demands and Allocation