Vaccines

  1. Vaccine Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Safety
    1. Measuring Vaccine Performance
      1. Vaccine Efficacy
        1. Clinical Trial Measurements
          1. Calculation Methods
            1. Confidence Intervals
              1. Factors Affecting Efficacy
                1. Study Population
                  1. Circulating Strains
                    1. Outcome Definitions
                  2. Vaccine Effectiveness
                    1. Real-world Performance
                      1. Study Designs
                        1. Cohort Studies
                          1. Case-control Studies
                            1. Test-negative Design
                            2. Factors Affecting Effectiveness
                              1. Population Characteristics
                                1. Healthcare Systems
                                  1. Vaccine Coverage
                                2. Correlates of Protection
                                  1. Immunological Markers
                                    1. Threshold Levels
                                      1. Surrogate Endpoints
                                        1. Mechanistic Understanding
                                        2. Duration of Protection
                                          1. Antibody Persistence
                                            1. Memory Cell Maintenance
                                              1. Waning Immunity
                                                1. Booster Requirements
                                              2. Herd Immunity
                                                1. Concept and Mechanisms
                                                  1. Direct Protection
                                                    1. Indirect Protection
                                                      1. Population-level Effects
                                                      2. Mathematical Models
                                                        1. Basic Reproduction Number
                                                          1. Effective Reproduction Number
                                                            1. Transmission Dynamics
                                                            2. Herd Immunity Thresholds
                                                              1. Calculation Methods
                                                                1. Disease-specific Thresholds
                                                                  1. Factors Affecting Thresholds
                                                                    1. Vaccine Efficacy
                                                                      1. Population Mixing
                                                                        1. Pathogen Characteristics
                                                                      2. Impact on Disease Control
                                                                        1. Outbreak Prevention
                                                                          1. Protection of Vulnerable Groups
                                                                            1. Disease Elimination
                                                                          2. Vaccine Safety
                                                                            1. Types of Adverse Events
                                                                              1. Local Reactions
                                                                                1. Pain and Tenderness
                                                                                  1. Redness and Swelling
                                                                                    1. Induration
                                                                                    2. Systemic Reactions
                                                                                      1. Fever
                                                                                        1. Malaise
                                                                                          1. Headache
                                                                                            1. Myalgia
                                                                                            2. Serious Adverse Events
                                                                                              1. Anaphylaxis
                                                                                                1. Seizures
                                                                                                  1. Intussusception
                                                                                                    1. Shoulder Injury
                                                                                                  2. Causality Assessment
                                                                                                    1. Temporal Relationships
                                                                                                      1. Biological Plausibility
                                                                                                        1. Epidemiological Evidence
                                                                                                          1. Experimental Evidence
                                                                                                          2. Risk-Benefit Analysis
                                                                                                            1. Individual Risk Assessment
                                                                                                              1. Population Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                1. Comparative Risk Analysis
                                                                                                              2. Safety Monitoring Systems
                                                                                                                1. Passive Surveillance
                                                                                                                  1. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
                                                                                                                    1. Spontaneous Reporting
                                                                                                                      1. Limitations and Biases
                                                                                                                        1. Signal Detection
                                                                                                                        2. Active Surveillance
                                                                                                                          1. Sentinel Systems
                                                                                                                            1. Electronic Health Records
                                                                                                                              1. Prospective Studies
                                                                                                                              2. Enhanced Surveillance
                                                                                                                                1. Rapid Cycle Analysis
                                                                                                                                  1. Near Real-time Monitoring
                                                                                                                                    1. Pregnancy Registries
                                                                                                                                    2. International Coordination
                                                                                                                                      1. WHO Global Advisory Committee
                                                                                                                                        1. Regulatory Harmonization
                                                                                                                                          1. Data Sharing

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                                                                                                                                      4. Vaccine Administration and Immunization Programs

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                                                                                                                                      6. Public Health Impact and Global Vaccination