Vaccines

  1. Types of Vaccines
    1. Live-Attenuated Vaccines
      1. Mechanism of Action
        1. Weakened Pathogen Characteristics
          1. Replication in Host
          2. Immune Response Profile
            1. Strong Cellular and Humoral Response
              1. Long-lasting Immunity
                1. Mucosal Immunity Induction
                2. Advantages
                  1. Single Dose Effectiveness
                    1. Broad Immune Response
                      1. Cost-effectiveness
                      2. Limitations
                        1. Risk in Immunocompromised
                          1. Storage Requirements
                            1. Potential for Reversion
                            2. Examples
                              1. Measles, Mumps, Rubella
                                1. Varicella
                                  1. Oral Polio Vaccine
                                    1. Yellow Fever
                                      1. Rotavirus
                                        1. Live Influenza Vaccine
                                      2. Inactivated Vaccines
                                        1. Mechanism of Action
                                          1. Killed Pathogen Characteristics
                                            1. Methods of Inactivation
                                              1. Heat Treatment
                                                1. Chemical Treatment
                                                  1. Radiation
                                                2. Immune Response Profile
                                                  1. Primarily Humoral Response
                                                    1. Limited Cellular Response
                                                    2. Advantages
                                                      1. Safety in Immunocompromised
                                                        1. Stability
                                                          1. No Risk of Reversion
                                                          2. Limitations
                                                            1. Multiple Doses Required
                                                              1. Weaker Immune Response
                                                                1. No Mucosal Immunity
                                                                2. Examples
                                                                  1. Inactivated Polio Vaccine
                                                                    1. Hepatitis A
                                                                      1. Rabies
                                                                        1. Japanese Encephalitis
                                                                      2. Toxoid Vaccines
                                                                        1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                          1. Inactivated Bacterial Toxins
                                                                            1. Formaldehyde Treatment
                                                                            2. Immune Response Profile
                                                                              1. Antibody Response to Toxin
                                                                                1. Neutralizing Antibodies
                                                                                2. Advantages
                                                                                  1. High Safety Profile
                                                                                    1. Effective Against Toxin-mediated Disease
                                                                                    2. Limitations
                                                                                      1. Multiple Doses Required
                                                                                        1. Booster Doses Needed
                                                                                        2. Examples
                                                                                          1. Tetanus Toxoid
                                                                                            1. Diphtheria Toxoid
                                                                                          2. Subunit Vaccines
                                                                                            1. Protein Subunit Vaccines
                                                                                              1. Purified Proteins
                                                                                                1. Recombinant Proteins
                                                                                                  1. Examples
                                                                                                    1. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
                                                                                                      1. Acellular Pertussis
                                                                                                    2. Polysaccharide Vaccines
                                                                                                      1. Capsular Polysaccharides
                                                                                                        1. T-independent Response
                                                                                                          1. Limitations in Young Children
                                                                                                            1. Examples
                                                                                                              1. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
                                                                                                                1. Meningococcal Polysaccharide
                                                                                                              2. Conjugate Vaccines
                                                                                                                1. Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugation
                                                                                                                  1. T-dependent Response
                                                                                                                    1. Enhanced Immunogenicity
                                                                                                                      1. Examples
                                                                                                                        1. Haemophilus influenzae type b
                                                                                                                          1. Pneumococcal Conjugate
                                                                                                                            1. Meningococcal Conjugate
                                                                                                                          2. Advantages of Subunit Vaccines
                                                                                                                            1. High Safety Profile
                                                                                                                              1. Defined Composition
                                                                                                                                1. Suitable for Immunocompromised
                                                                                                                                2. Limitations of Subunit Vaccines
                                                                                                                                  1. Weak Immunogenicity
                                                                                                                                    1. Adjuvant Requirements
                                                                                                                                      1. Multiple Doses Needed
                                                                                                                                    2. Viral Vector Vaccines
                                                                                                                                      1. Replicating Viral Vectors
                                                                                                                                        1. Vector Characteristics
                                                                                                                                          1. Immune Response Profile
                                                                                                                                            1. Safety Considerations
                                                                                                                                            2. Non-replicating Viral Vectors
                                                                                                                                              1. Adenoviral Vectors
                                                                                                                                                1. Modified Vaccinia Ankara
                                                                                                                                                  1. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
                                                                                                                                                  2. Advantages
                                                                                                                                                    1. Strong Cellular Response
                                                                                                                                                      1. Single Dose Potential
                                                                                                                                                        1. Mucosal Delivery Possible
                                                                                                                                                        2. Limitations
                                                                                                                                                          1. Pre-existing Vector Immunity
                                                                                                                                                            1. Manufacturing Complexity
                                                                                                                                                              1. Storage Requirements
                                                                                                                                                              2. Examples
                                                                                                                                                                1. Johnson & Johnson COVID-19
                                                                                                                                                                  1. AstraZeneca COVID-19
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ebola Vaccine
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Nucleic Acid Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                    1. mRNA Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Genetic Instructions for Antigen
                                                                                                                                                                          1. In vivo Protein Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Delivery Systems
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lipid Nanoparticles
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Other Delivery Methods
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Immune Response Profile
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cellular and Humoral Response
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Adjuvant-like Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Rapid Development
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. No Live Pathogen
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Flexible Platform
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Storage Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Delivery Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Limited Long-term Data
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Examples
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Moderna COVID-19
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. DNA Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Plasmid DNA Delivery
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Delivery Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Electroporation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gene Gun
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Needle-free Injection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Immune Response Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Current Development Status

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                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Vaccine Development and Regulation