Transportation Geography

2.

Fundamental Principles and Measures

2.1.

Mobility and Accessibility

2.1.1.

Defining Mobility

2.1.1.1.

Types of Mobility

2.1.1.1.1.

Personal Mobility

2.1.1.1.2.

Freight Mobility

2.1.1.1.3.

Virtual Mobility

2.1.1.1.4.

Social Mobility through Transport

2.1.1.2.

Factors Affecting Mobility

2.1.1.2.1.

Individual Characteristics

2.1.1.2.2.

Household Resources

2.1.1.2.3.

Infrastructure Availability

2.1.1.2.4.

Policy Constraints

2.1.1.3.

Mobility Measurement

2.1.1.3.1.

Trip Generation Rates

2.1.1.3.2.

Travel Distance Metrics

2.1.1.3.3.

Mode Choice Analysis

2.1.2.

Defining Accessibility

2.1.2.1.

Spatial Accessibility

2.1.2.1.1.

Physical Proximity

2.1.2.1.2.

Network Connectivity

2.1.2.1.3.

Service Coverage

2.1.2.2.

Temporal Accessibility

2.1.2.2.1.

2.1.2.2.2.

Travel Time Windows

2.1.2.2.3.

Schedule Coordination

2.1.2.3.

Economic Accessibility

2.1.2.3.1.

Affordability Constraints

2.1.2.3.2.

Cost-Income Ratios

2.1.2.3.3.

Subsidized Access

2.1.2.4.

Social Accessibility

2.1.2.4.1.

Cultural Barriers

2.1.2.4.2.

Language Accessibility

2.1.2.4.3.

Disability Accommodation

2.1.3.

Measuring Accessibility

2.1.3.1.

Accessibility Indices

2.1.3.1.1.

Hansen Accessibility Index

2.1.3.1.2.

Weighted Average Travel Time

2.1.3.1.3.

Cumulative Opportunities Index

2.1.3.2.

2.1.3.2.1.

Basic Gravity Formulation

2.1.3.2.2.

Constrained Gravity Models

2.1.3.2.3.

Calibration Techniques

2.1.3.3.

Cumulative Opportunity Measures

2.1.3.3.1.

Isochrone Analysis

2.1.3.3.2.

Service Area Analysis

2.1.3.3.3.

Threshold-Based Measures

2.1.3.4.

Utility-Based Measures

2.1.3.4.1.

Logsum Accessibility

2.1.3.4.2.

Consumer Surplus Approaches

2.1.3.4.3.

Random Utility Models

2.2.

Distance and Cost

2.2.1.

Physical Distance

2.2.1.1.

Measurement Methods

2.2.1.1.1.

Euclidean Distance

2.2.1.1.2.

Manhattan Distance

2.2.1.1.3.

Network Distance

2.2.1.1.4.

Great Circle Distance

2.2.1.2.

Barriers and Detours

2.2.1.2.1.

Physical Barriers

2.2.1.2.2.

Administrative Boundaries

2.2.1.2.3.

Routing Constraints

2.2.1.3.

Distance Distortion

2.2.1.3.1.

Map Projection Effects

2.2.1.3.2.

Scale Variations

2.2.1.3.3.

Measurement Errors

2.2.2.

2.2.2.1.

Travel Time Analysis

2.2.2.1.1.

Free-Flow Travel Time

2.2.2.1.2.

Congested Travel Time

2.2.2.1.3.

Multimodal Travel Time

2.2.2.2.

Temporal Constraints

2.2.2.2.1.

Peak Hour Effects

2.2.2.2.2.

Seasonal Variations

2.2.2.2.3.

Weather Impacts

2.2.2.3.

Time Reliability

2.2.2.3.1.

Travel Time Variability

2.2.2.3.2.

Schedule Adherence

2.2.2.3.3.

Buffer Time Requirements

2.2.3.

Economic Distance

2.2.3.1.

Transport Costs and Pricing

2.2.3.1.1.

Fixed vs Variable Costs

2.2.3.1.2.

Distance-Based Pricing

2.2.3.1.3.

Value-Based Pricing

2.2.3.2.

Cost-Distance Analysis

2.2.3.2.1.

Least-Cost Path Analysis

2.2.3.2.2.

Cost Surface Modeling

2.2.3.2.3.

Economic Catchment Areas

2.2.3.3.

Generalized Cost

2.2.3.3.1.

Time Value Monetization

2.2.3.3.2.

Comfort and Convenience Costs

2.2.3.3.3.

Risk and Reliability Costs

2.2.4.

Cognitive Distance

2.2.4.1.

Perceived Distance

2.2.4.1.1.

Psychological Distance Factors

2.2.4.1.2.

Familiarity Effects

2.2.4.1.3.

Landmark Influence

2.2.4.2.

Mental Maps and Route Choice

2.2.4.2.1.

Cognitive Mapping

2.2.4.2.2.

Wayfinding Behavior

2.2.4.2.3.

2.2.4.3.

Distance Estimation Errors

2.2.4.3.1.

Systematic Biases

2.2.4.3.2.

Individual Variations

2.2.4.3.3.

Environmental Influences

2.3.

Network Analysis and Graph Theory

2.3.1.

2.3.1.1.

2.3.1.1.1.

2.3.1.1.1.1.

2.3.1.1.1.2.

2.3.1.1.1.3.

2.3.1.1.1.4.

Transfer Points

2.3.1.1.2.

Node Attributes

2.3.1.1.2.1.

Capacity Constraints

2.3.1.1.2.2.

2.3.1.1.2.3.

Accessibility Features

2.3.1.2.

2.3.1.2.1.

2.3.1.2.1.1.

2.3.1.2.1.2.

2.3.1.2.1.3.

Multimodal Links

2.3.1.2.1.4.

2.3.1.2.2.

Link Attributes

2.3.1.2.2.1.

2.3.1.2.2.2.

2.3.1.2.2.3.

Cost Parameters

2.3.1.2.2.4.

Directional Constraints

2.3.2.

Network Structure and Topology

2.3.2.1.

Centrality and Connectivity

2.3.2.1.1.

Degree Centrality

2.3.2.1.1.1.

In-Degree and Out-Degree

2.3.2.1.1.2.

Weighted Degree Measures

2.3.2.1.1.3.

Centrality Distribution

2.3.2.1.2.

Betweenness Centrality

2.3.2.1.2.1.

Path-Based Betweenness

2.3.2.1.2.2.

Flow-Based Betweenness

2.3.2.1.2.3.

Edge Betweenness

2.3.2.1.3.

Closeness Centrality

2.3.2.1.3.1.

Average Path Length

2.3.2.1.3.2.

Harmonic Centrality

2.3.2.1.3.3.

Eccentricity Measures

2.3.2.1.4.

Eigenvector Centrality

2.3.2.1.4.1.

PageRank Algorithm

2.3.2.1.4.2.

Authority and Hub Scores

2.3.2.1.4.3.

Network Influence Measures

2.3.2.2.

Network Density

2.3.2.2.1.

Measures of Density

2.3.2.2.1.1.

2.3.2.2.1.2.

Spatial Density

2.3.2.2.1.3.

Weighted Density

2.3.2.2.2.

Implications for Flow

2.3.2.2.2.1.

Connectivity Benefits

2.3.2.2.2.2.

Congestion Effects

2.3.2.2.2.3.

Maintenance Costs

2.3.2.3.

2.3.2.3.1.

2.3.2.3.1.1.

Regular Grid Patterns

2.3.2.3.1.2.

Modified Grid Systems

2.3.2.3.1.3.

Grid Efficiency Analysis

2.3.2.3.2.

Radial Networks

2.3.2.3.2.1.

Hub-and-Spoke Patterns

2.3.2.3.2.2.

Radial Efficiency

2.3.2.3.2.3.

Central Place Theory Applications

2.3.2.3.3.

Hierarchical Networks

2.3.2.3.3.1.

Multi-Level Hierarchies

2.3.2.3.3.2.

Tree-Like Structures

2.3.2.3.3.3.

Nested Network Systems

2.3.2.3.4.

Small-World Networks

2.3.2.3.4.1.

Clustering Coefficients

2.3.2.3.4.2.

Path Length Properties

2.3.2.3.4.3.

Network Resilience

2.3.3.

Measuring Network Performance

2.3.3.1.

Efficiency and Capacity

2.3.3.1.1.

2.3.3.1.1.1.

Link Capacity Constraints

2.3.3.1.1.2.

Network Capacity

2.3.3.1.1.3.

Dynamic Capacity

2.3.3.1.2.

Bottlenecks and Congestion

2.3.3.1.2.1.

Bottleneck Identification

2.3.3.1.2.2.

Congestion Propagation

2.3.3.1.2.3.

Queue Formation

2.3.3.1.3.

Network Efficiency Measures

2.3.3.1.3.1.

Global Efficiency

2.3.3.1.3.2.

Local Efficiency

2.3.3.1.3.3.

Cost Efficiency

2.3.3.2.

Vulnerability and Resilience

2.3.3.2.1.

Network Robustness

2.3.3.2.1.1.

Structural Robustness

2.3.3.2.1.2.

Functional Robustness

2.3.3.2.1.3.

Attack Tolerance

2.3.3.2.2.

Redundancy and Alternative Routes

2.3.3.2.2.1.

Path Redundancy

2.3.3.2.2.2.

Route Choice Flexibility

2.3.3.2.2.3.

2.3.3.2.3.

Failure Analysis

2.3.3.2.3.1.

Single Point Failures

2.3.3.2.3.2.

Cascading Failures

2.3.3.2.3.3.

Recovery Strategies

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1. Introduction to Transportation Geography

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3. Transportation Modes and Systems