Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer

2.

2.1.

Introduction to Thermodynamics

2.1.1.

Historical Development

2.1.2.

Scope and Applications

2.1.3.

The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

2.1.3.1.

Concept of Thermal Equilibrium

2.1.3.2.

Temperature as a Property

2.1.4.

Temperature Scales

2.1.4.1.

2.1.4.2.

Fahrenheit Scale

2.1.4.3.

2.1.4.4.

2.1.5.

Temperature Measurement

2.1.5.1.

2.1.5.2.

2.1.5.3.

Resistance Temperature Detectors

2.1.6.

Pressure and its Measurement

2.1.6.1.

Absolute Pressure

2.1.6.2.

2.1.6.3.

Vacuum Pressure

2.1.6.4.

2.1.6.5.

2.2.

Energy, Work, and Heat

2.2.1.

Forms of Energy

2.2.1.1.

Internal Energy

2.2.1.1.1.

Sensible Energy

2.2.1.1.2.

2.2.1.1.3.

Chemical Energy

2.2.1.1.4.

2.2.1.2.

2.2.1.3.

Potential Energy

2.2.1.4.

2.2.2.

Energy Transfer by Heat

2.2.2.1.

Definition of Heat

2.2.2.2.

Modes of Heat Transfer

2.2.2.3.

Direction of Heat Transfer

2.2.2.4.

Sign Convention

2.2.3.

Energy Transfer by Work

2.2.3.1.

Definition of Work

2.2.3.2.

Mechanical Work

2.2.3.3.

2.2.3.4.

2.2.3.5.

Electrical Work

2.2.3.6.

2.2.3.7.

Sign Convention

2.2.4.

Work and Heat as Path Functions

2.3.

Properties of Pure Substances

2.3.1.

Definition of a Pure Substance

2.3.2.

Phases of a Pure Substance

2.3.2.1.

2.3.2.2.

2.3.2.3.

2.3.2.4.

Supercritical Fluid

2.3.3.

Phase-Change Processes

2.3.3.1.

Melting and Freezing

2.3.3.2.

Vaporization and Condensation

2.3.3.3.

Sublimation and Deposition

2.3.3.4.

2.3.3.5.

2.3.4.

Property Diagrams

2.3.4.1.

2.3.4.2.

2.3.4.3.

2.3.4.4.

2.3.5.

Property Tables

2.3.5.1.

Saturated Liquid and Vapor Tables

2.3.5.2.

Superheated Vapor Tables

2.3.5.3.

Compressed Liquid Tables

2.3.5.4.

Interpolation Techniques

2.3.6.

Ideal Gas Model

2.3.6.1.

Ideal Gas Equation of State

2.3.6.2.

Assumptions and Limitations

2.3.6.3.

2.3.7.

Real Gas Behavior

2.3.7.1.

Compressibility Factor

2.3.7.2.

Generalized Compressibility Charts

2.3.7.3.

Van der Waals Equation

2.4.

The First Law of Thermodynamics

2.4.1.

Statement of the First Law

2.4.2.

Energy Balance for Closed Systems

2.4.2.1.

General Energy Balance

2.4.2.2.

Boundary Work Calculations

2.4.2.3.

Heat and Work Interactions

2.4.2.4.

2.4.3.

Energy Balance for Open Systems

2.4.3.1.

Control Volume Analysis

2.4.3.2.

Steady-Flow Energy Equation

2.4.3.3.

Unsteady-Flow Processes

2.4.3.4.

Mass and Energy Balance

2.4.4.

2.4.4.1.

Specific Heat at Constant Volume

2.4.4.2.

Specific Heat at Constant Pressure

2.4.4.3.

Relationship between Cp and Cv

2.4.4.4.

Variable Specific Heats

2.4.5.

2.4.5.1.

Definition of Enthalpy

2.4.5.2.

Physical Significance

2.5.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

2.5.1.

Introduction to the Second Law

2.5.1.1.

Limitations of the First Law

2.5.1.2.

Direction of Processes

2.5.1.3.

Spontaneous Processes

2.5.2.

2.5.2.1.

Basic Operation

2.5.2.2.

Thermal Efficiency

2.5.2.3.

Heat Engine Components

2.5.3.

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

2.5.3.1.

Basic Operation

2.5.3.2.

Coefficient of Performance

2.5.3.3.

Refrigerator vs Heat Pump

2.5.4.

Kelvin-Planck Statement

2.5.5.

Clausius Statement

2.5.6.

Equivalence of Statements

2.5.7.

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

2.5.7.1.

Definition of Reversibility

2.5.7.2.

Sources of Irreversibility

2.5.7.3.

Internally and Externally Reversible Processes

2.5.8.

The Carnot Cycle

2.5.8.1.

Carnot Heat Engine

2.5.8.2.

Carnot Efficiency

2.5.8.3.

Carnot Refrigerator

2.5.8.4.

Carnot Heat Pump

2.5.9.

The Carnot Principles

2.6.

2.6.1.

The Clausius Inequality

2.6.2.

Definition of Entropy

2.6.3.

Physical Interpretation of Entropy

2.6.4.

The Increase of Entropy Principle

2.6.5.

Entropy Change of Pure Substances

2.6.5.1.

Entropy of Solids and Liquids

2.6.5.2.

Entropy of Ideal Gases

2.6.5.3.

Entropy in Phase-Change Processes

2.6.6.

Isentropic Processes

2.6.6.1.

Definition and Characteristics

2.6.6.2.

Applications in Engineering

2.6.7.

Property Diagrams

2.6.7.1.

2.6.7.2.

2.6.8.

Reversible Steady-Flow Work

2.6.9.

Isentropic Efficiencies

2.6.9.1.

Turbine Efficiency

2.6.9.2.

Compressor Efficiency

2.6.9.3.

Pump Efficiency

2.6.9.4.

Nozzle Efficiency

2.7.

Exergy Analysis

2.7.1.

Definition of Exergy

2.7.2.

2.7.3.

Reversible Work

2.7.4.

Irreversibility

2.7.5.

Exergy Destruction

2.7.6.

Second-Law Efficiency

2.7.7.

2.7.7.1.

2.7.7.2.

2.8.

Gas Power Cycles

2.8.1.

Basic Considerations

2.8.1.1.

Air-Standard Assumptions

2.8.1.2.

Cold Air-Standard Assumptions

2.8.2.

2.8.2.1.

Process Description

2.8.2.2.

Efficiency Analysis

2.8.2.3.

Mean Effective Pressure

2.8.3.

The Diesel Cycle

2.8.3.1.

Process Description

2.8.3.2.

Efficiency Analysis

2.8.3.3.

Comparison with Otto Cycle

2.8.4.

The Brayton Cycle

2.8.4.1.

Open Brayton Cycle

2.8.4.2.

Closed Brayton Cycle

2.8.4.3.

Efficiency Analysis

2.8.4.4.

2.8.4.4.1.

2.8.4.4.2.

2.8.4.4.3.

2.8.5.

Jet-Propulsion Cycles

2.8.5.1.

Turbojet Engine

2.8.5.2.

Turbofan Engine

2.8.5.3.

2.9.

Vapor Power Cycles

2.9.1.

The Rankine Cycle

2.9.1.1.

Basic Components

2.9.1.2.

Process Description

2.9.1.3.

Efficiency Analysis

2.9.1.4.

2.9.2.

Modifications to the Rankine Cycle

2.9.2.1.

Reheat Rankine Cycle

2.9.2.2.

Regenerative Rankine Cycle

2.9.2.3.

Supercritical Rankine Cycle

2.9.3.

2.9.3.1.

Combined Heat and Power Systems

2.9.3.2.

Utilization Factor

2.9.4.

Combined Cycles

2.9.4.1.

Gas-Vapor Combined Cycles

2.9.4.2.

Performance Analysis

2.10.

Refrigeration Cycles

2.10.1.

The Reversed Carnot Cycle

2.10.2.

Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

2.10.2.1.

Basic Components

2.10.2.2.

Process Description

2.10.2.3.

Performance Analysis

2.10.2.4.

Modifications and Improvements

2.10.3.

Gas Refrigeration Cycles

2.10.3.1.

Reversed Brayton Cycle

2.10.4.

Absorption Refrigeration

2.10.5.

Thermoelectric Refrigeration

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