Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer

  1. Thermodynamics
    1. Introduction to Thermodynamics
      1. Historical Development
        1. Scope and Applications
          1. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
            1. Concept of Thermal Equilibrium
              1. Temperature as a Property
              2. Temperature Scales
                1. Celsius Scale
                  1. Fahrenheit Scale
                    1. Kelvin Scale
                      1. Rankine Scale
                      2. Temperature Measurement
                        1. Thermometers
                          1. Thermocouples
                            1. Resistance Temperature Detectors
                            2. Pressure and its Measurement
                              1. Absolute Pressure
                                1. Gauge Pressure
                                  1. Vacuum Pressure
                                    1. Barometers
                                      1. Manometers
                                    2. Energy, Work, and Heat
                                      1. Forms of Energy
                                        1. Internal Energy
                                          1. Sensible Energy
                                            1. Latent Energy
                                              1. Chemical Energy
                                                1. Nuclear Energy
                                                2. Kinetic Energy
                                                  1. Potential Energy
                                                    1. Flow Energy
                                                    2. Energy Transfer by Heat
                                                      1. Definition of Heat
                                                        1. Modes of Heat Transfer
                                                          1. Direction of Heat Transfer
                                                            1. Sign Convention
                                                            2. Energy Transfer by Work
                                                              1. Definition of Work
                                                                1. Mechanical Work
                                                                  1. Boundary Work
                                                                    1. Shaft Work
                                                                      1. Electrical Work
                                                                        1. Flow Work
                                                                          1. Sign Convention
                                                                          2. Work and Heat as Path Functions
                                                                          3. Properties of Pure Substances
                                                                            1. Definition of a Pure Substance
                                                                              1. Phases of a Pure Substance
                                                                                1. Solid Phase
                                                                                  1. Liquid Phase
                                                                                    1. Vapor Phase
                                                                                      1. Supercritical Fluid
                                                                                      2. Phase-Change Processes
                                                                                        1. Melting and Freezing
                                                                                          1. Vaporization and Condensation
                                                                                            1. Sublimation and Deposition
                                                                                              1. Critical Point
                                                                                                1. Triple Point
                                                                                                2. Property Diagrams
                                                                                                  1. T-v Diagram
                                                                                                    1. P-v Diagram
                                                                                                      1. P-T Diagram
                                                                                                        1. h-s Diagram
                                                                                                        2. Property Tables
                                                                                                          1. Saturated Liquid and Vapor Tables
                                                                                                            1. Superheated Vapor Tables
                                                                                                              1. Compressed Liquid Tables
                                                                                                                1. Interpolation Techniques
                                                                                                                2. Ideal Gas Model
                                                                                                                  1. Ideal Gas Equation of State
                                                                                                                    1. Assumptions and Limitations
                                                                                                                      1. Gas Constants
                                                                                                                      2. Real Gas Behavior
                                                                                                                        1. Compressibility Factor
                                                                                                                          1. Generalized Compressibility Charts
                                                                                                                            1. Van der Waals Equation
                                                                                                                          2. The First Law of Thermodynamics
                                                                                                                            1. Statement of the First Law
                                                                                                                              1. Energy Balance for Closed Systems
                                                                                                                                1. General Energy Balance
                                                                                                                                  1. Boundary Work Calculations
                                                                                                                                    1. Heat and Work Interactions
                                                                                                                                      1. Special Cases
                                                                                                                                      2. Energy Balance for Open Systems
                                                                                                                                        1. Control Volume Analysis
                                                                                                                                          1. Steady-Flow Energy Equation
                                                                                                                                            1. Unsteady-Flow Processes
                                                                                                                                              1. Mass and Energy Balance
                                                                                                                                              2. Specific Heats
                                                                                                                                                1. Specific Heat at Constant Volume
                                                                                                                                                  1. Specific Heat at Constant Pressure
                                                                                                                                                    1. Relationship between Cp and Cv
                                                                                                                                                      1. Variable Specific Heats
                                                                                                                                                      2. Enthalpy
                                                                                                                                                        1. Definition of Enthalpy
                                                                                                                                                          1. Physical Significance
                                                                                                                                                        2. The Second Law of Thermodynamics
                                                                                                                                                          1. Introduction to the Second Law
                                                                                                                                                            1. Limitations of the First Law
                                                                                                                                                              1. Direction of Processes
                                                                                                                                                                1. Spontaneous Processes
                                                                                                                                                                2. Heat Engines
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Basic Operation
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Thermal Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Heat Engine Components
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Basic Operation
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Coefficient of Performance
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Refrigerator vs Heat Pump
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Kelvin-Planck Statement
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Clausius Statement
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Equivalence of Statements
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Reversible and Irreversible Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Definition of Reversibility
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sources of Irreversibility
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Internally and Externally Reversible Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. The Carnot Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Carnot Heat Engine
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Carnot Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Carnot Refrigerator
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Carnot Heat Pump
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. The Carnot Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Entropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. The Clausius Inequality
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Definition of Entropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Physical Interpretation of Entropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. The Increase of Entropy Principle
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Entropy Change of Pure Substances
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Entropy of Solids and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Entropy of Ideal Gases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Entropy in Phase-Change Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Isentropic Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Definition and Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Applications in Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Property Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. T-s Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. h-s Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Reversible Steady-Flow Work
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Isentropic Efficiencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Turbine Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Compressor Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pump Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nozzle Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Exergy Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Definition of Exergy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dead State
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reversible Work
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Irreversibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Exergy Destruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Second-Law Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Exergy Balance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Closed Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Open Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Gas Power Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Basic Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Air-Standard Assumptions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cold Air-Standard Assumptions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. The Otto Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Process Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Efficiency Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mean Effective Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. The Diesel Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Process Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Efficiency Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Comparison with Otto Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. The Brayton Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Open Brayton Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Closed Brayton Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Efficiency Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Regeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Intercooling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Reheating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Jet-Propulsion Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Turbojet Engine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Turbofan Engine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ramjet Engine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Vapor Power Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. The Rankine Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Basic Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Process Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Efficiency Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Work Output
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Modifications to the Rankine Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Reheat Rankine Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Regenerative Rankine Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Supercritical Rankine Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Cogeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Combined Heat and Power Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Utilization Factor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Combined Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gas-Vapor Combined Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Performance Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Refrigeration Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. The Reversed Carnot Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Basic Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Process Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Performance Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Modifications and Improvements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Gas Refrigeration Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reversed Brayton Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Absorption Refrigeration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Thermoelectric Refrigeration

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Foundational Concepts in Thermal-Fluid Sciences

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Fluid Mechanics