Structure and Properties of Materials

  1. Imperfections in Solids
    1. Point Defects
      1. Vacancies
        1. Formation Mechanisms
          1. Equilibrium Concentration
            1. Effects on Properties
              1. Vacancy Migration
              2. Self-Interstitials
                1. Formation Mechanisms
                  1. High Formation Energy
                    1. Effects on Properties
                    2. Impurities in Solids
                      1. Solid Solutions
                        1. Substitutional Solid Solutions
                          1. Interstitial Solid Solutions
                            1. Hume-Rothery Rules
                            2. Substitutional Impurities
                              1. Size Factor
                                1. Electronegativity Factor
                                2. Interstitial Impurities
                                  1. Size Requirements
                                    1. Common Interstitial Elements
                                    2. Effects on Properties
                                      1. Electrical Properties
                                        1. Mechanical Properties
                                      2. Point Defects in Ionic Solids
                                        1. Schottky Defects
                                          1. Frenkel Defects
                                            1. Electronic Defects
                                          2. Linear Defects
                                            1. Edge Dislocations
                                              1. Structure and Geometry
                                                1. Burgers Vector
                                                  1. Dislocation Motion
                                                    1. Slip Systems
                                                    2. Screw Dislocations
                                                      1. Structure and Geometry
                                                        1. Burgers Vector
                                                          1. Dislocation Motion
                                                          2. Mixed Dislocations
                                                            1. Combined Character
                                                              1. Dislocation Line
                                                              2. Burgers Vector
                                                                1. Definition and Significance
                                                                  1. Determination Methods
                                                                    1. Conservation Rules
                                                                    2. Dislocation Interactions
                                                                      1. Dislocation Multiplication
                                                                        1. Dislocation Entanglement
                                                                          1. Frank-Read Sources
                                                                        2. Interfacial Defects
                                                                          1. External Surfaces
                                                                            1. Surface Energy
                                                                              1. Surface Reconstruction
                                                                                1. Surface Tension Effects
                                                                                2. Grain Boundaries
                                                                                  1. High-Angle Grain Boundaries
                                                                                    1. Low-Angle Grain Boundaries
                                                                                      1. Tilt Boundaries
                                                                                        1. Twist Boundaries
                                                                                          1. Effects on Properties
                                                                                          2. Twin Boundaries
                                                                                            1. Annealing Twins
                                                                                              1. Deformation Twins
                                                                                                1. Formation Mechanisms
                                                                                                  1. Effects on Properties
                                                                                                  2. Stacking Faults
                                                                                                    1. Intrinsic Stacking Faults
                                                                                                      1. Extrinsic Stacking Faults
                                                                                                        1. Stacking Fault Energy
                                                                                                          1. Effects on Properties
                                                                                                          2. Phase Boundaries
                                                                                                            1. Coherent Interfaces
                                                                                                              1. Semicoherent Interfaces
                                                                                                                1. Incoherent Interfaces
                                                                                                              2. Volume Defects
                                                                                                                1. Pores
                                                                                                                  1. Formation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                    1. Effects on Properties
                                                                                                                    2. Cracks
                                                                                                                      1. Crack Formation
                                                                                                                        1. Crack Propagation
                                                                                                                          1. Effects on Mechanical Properties
                                                                                                                          2. Inclusions
                                                                                                                            1. Foreign Particles
                                                                                                                              1. Second Phase Particles
                                                                                                                                1. Effects on Properties
                                                                                                                                2. Precipitates
                                                                                                                                  1. Precipitation Reactions
                                                                                                                                    1. Coherency Effects
                                                                                                                                  2. Microscopic Examination
                                                                                                                                    1. Sample Preparation
                                                                                                                                      1. Sectioning
                                                                                                                                        1. Mounting
                                                                                                                                          1. Grinding and Polishing
                                                                                                                                            1. Etching
                                                                                                                                            2. Optical Microscopy
                                                                                                                                              1. Bright Field Imaging
                                                                                                                                                1. Dark Field Imaging
                                                                                                                                                  1. Polarized Light Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                    1. Resolution Limitations
                                                                                                                                                    2. Electron Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                      1. Scanning Electron Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                        1. Secondary Electron Imaging
                                                                                                                                                          1. Backscattered Electron Imaging
                                                                                                                                                            1. Resolution and Magnification
                                                                                                                                                            2. Transmission Electron Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                              1. Bright Field Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                1. Dark Field Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Diffraction Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                    1. High Resolution TEM
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Scanning Probe Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Atomic Force Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

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                                                                                                                                                                  3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids

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                                                                                                                                                                  5. Diffusion