Structural Geology and Tectonics

3.

Brittle Structures and Faulting

3.1.

Fractures and Joints

3.1.1.

Definition and Characteristics of Fractures

3.1.2.

Distinction between Joints and Faults

3.1.3.

Modes of Fracture

3.1.3.1.

3.1.3.2.

Mode II Sliding

3.1.3.3.

Mode III Tearing

3.1.4.

Joint Sets and Systems

3.1.4.1.

Systematic vs. Non-systematic Joints

3.1.4.2.

Orientation and Spacing

3.1.4.3.

Joint Propagation

3.1.5.

Columnar Jointing

3.1.5.1.

Formation Processes

3.1.5.2.

Geometric Characteristics

3.1.6.

Sheeting and Exfoliation

3.1.6.1.

Mechanisms of Formation

3.1.6.2.

Geological Settings

3.2.

Fault Geometry and Classification

3.2.1.

Fault Terminology

3.2.1.1.

3.2.1.2.

3.2.1.3.

Fault Core and Damage Zone

3.2.1.4.

Hanging Wall and Footwall

3.2.1.5.

Slip Components

3.2.1.5.1.

Dip-Slip Component

3.2.1.5.2.

Strike-Slip Component

3.2.1.5.3.

Oblique-Slip Component

3.2.2.

Fault Classification by Slip

3.2.2.1.

Dip-Slip Faults

3.2.2.1.1.

3.2.2.1.2.

3.2.2.1.3.

3.2.2.2.

Strike-Slip Faults

3.2.2.2.1.

3.2.2.2.2.

Sinistral Faults

3.2.2.3.

Oblique-Slip Faults

3.2.3.

Fault Orientation and Attitude

3.2.3.1.

Strike and Dip of Fault Planes

3.2.3.2.

Rake and Pitch of Slip Vectors

3.3.

Fault-Related Features and Rocks

3.3.1.

Kinematic Indicators

3.3.1.1.

Slickenlines and Slickensides

3.3.1.2.

Fibrous Mineral Growths

3.3.1.3.

3.3.1.4.

3.3.2.

3.3.2.1.

3.3.2.2.

3.3.2.3.

Pseudotachylyte

3.3.2.4.

3.3.3.

Fault Zone Architecture

3.3.3.1.

Core Zone Characteristics

3.3.3.2.

Damage Zone Properties

3.3.3.3.

Fault Seals and Permeability

3.4.

Fault Systems and Arrays

3.4.1.

Horst and Graben Structures

3.4.2.

Half-Grabens and Tilted Fault Blocks

3.4.3.

Imbricate Fans and Duplexes

3.4.4.

Flower Structures

3.4.4.1.

Positive Flower Structures

3.4.4.2.

Negative Flower Structures

3.4.5.

Transfer Faults and Accommodation Zones

3.4.6.

Fault Linkage and Interaction

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2. Fundamental Concepts of Deformation

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4. Ductile Structures and Folding