Stem Cell Biology

  1. Stem Cells in Development and Disease
    1. Role in Embryogenesis
      1. Gastrulation and Germ Layer Formation
        1. Ectoderm
          1. Derivatives
            1. Nervous System
              1. Skin
                1. Sensory Organs
              2. Mesoderm
                1. Derivatives
                  1. Muscle
                    1. Blood
                      1. Bone
                        1. Cardiovascular System
                      2. Endoderm
                        1. Derivatives
                          1. Gut
                            1. Liver
                              1. Lungs
                                1. Pancreas
                            2. Organogenesis
                              1. Major Organ Systems
                                1. Nervous System Development
                                  1. Cardiovascular Development
                                    1. Limb Development
                                    2. Role of Stem Cells in Organ Formation
                                      1. Morphogenetic Processes
                                      2. Fetal Development
                                        1. Tissue Expansion
                                          1. Organ Maturation
                                            1. Stem Cell Pool Establishment
                                          2. Tissue Homeostasis and Repair
                                            1. Continuous Tissue Renewal
                                              1. Blood System
                                                1. Hematopoietic Hierarchy
                                                  1. Daily Cell Production
                                                  2. Skin Epithelium
                                                    1. Epidermal Turnover
                                                      1. Wound Healing
                                                      2. Intestinal Epithelium
                                                        1. Villus Renewal
                                                          1. Barrier Function
                                                        2. Response to Injury
                                                          1. Activation of Quiescent Stem Cells
                                                            1. Inflammatory Signals
                                                              1. Regeneration vs. Fibrosis
                                                                1. Scar Formation
                                                                2. Tissue-Specific Regeneration
                                                                  1. Liver Regeneration
                                                                    1. Muscle Repair
                                                                      1. Bone Healing
                                                                    2. Stem Cells and Aging
                                                                      1. Stem Cell Exhaustion
                                                                        1. Causes and Consequences
                                                                          1. Replicative Senescence
                                                                            1. DNA Damage Accumulation
                                                                            2. Decline in Function
                                                                              1. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms
                                                                                1. Niche Deterioration
                                                                                  1. Systemic Factors
                                                                                  2. Senescence
                                                                                    1. Definition and Markers
                                                                                      1. Impact on Tissue Function
                                                                                        1. Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype
                                                                                        2. Interventions and Rejuvenation
                                                                                          1. Caloric Restriction
                                                                                            1. Exercise Effects
                                                                                              1. Pharmacological Approaches
                                                                                            2. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)
                                                                                              1. The Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis
                                                                                                1. Evidence and Controversies
                                                                                                  1. Hierarchical Organization
                                                                                                    1. Clonal Evolution
                                                                                                    2. Identification and Characterization
                                                                                                      1. Surface Markers
                                                                                                        1. Functional Assays
                                                                                                          1. Single-Cell Analysis
                                                                                                          2. Role in Tumor Initiation and Metastasis
                                                                                                            1. Tumor Heterogeneity
                                                                                                              1. Metastatic Potential
                                                                                                                1. Dormancy and Reactivation
                                                                                                                2. Therapeutic Resistance
                                                                                                                  1. Mechanisms of Resistance
                                                                                                                    1. Drug Efflux
                                                                                                                      1. DNA Repair
                                                                                                                        1. Apoptosis Resistance
                                                                                                                        2. Implications for Cancer Therapy
                                                                                                                          1. Targeting Strategies
                                                                                                                          2. Microenvironment and CSCs
                                                                                                                            1. Tumor Niche
                                                                                                                              1. Hypoxia and CSCs
                                                                                                                                1. Immune Evasion

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                                                                                                                            4. The Stem Cell Niche

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                                                                                                                            6. Methodologies in Stem Cell Research