Stem Cell Biology

  1. Types of Stem Cells
    1. Based on Origin
      1. Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
        1. Derivation from the Inner Cell Mass
          1. Blastocyst Structure
            1. Isolation Techniques
              1. Culture Establishment
              2. Characteristics and Properties
                1. Pluripotency Markers
                  1. Unlimited Proliferation
                    1. In Vitro and In Vivo Behavior
                      1. Karyotype Stability
                      2. Species Differences
                        1. Mouse ESCs
                          1. Human ESCs
                            1. Primate ESCs
                          2. Adult (Somatic) Stem Cells
                            1. General Features
                              1. Tissue Specificity
                                1. Limited Differentiation Potential
                                  1. Quiescence and Activation
                                  2. Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
                                    1. Location in Bone Marrow
                                      1. Role in Blood Cell Formation
                                        1. Surface Markers and Identification
                                          1. Transplantation Applications
                                          2. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
                                            1. Sources
                                              1. Bone Marrow
                                                1. Adipose Tissue
                                                  1. Dental Pulp
                                                    1. Umbilical Cord
                                                    2. Differentiation into Mesodermal Lineages
                                                      1. Immunomodulatory Properties
                                                        1. Clinical Applications
                                                        2. Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
                                                          1. Location in Brain Regions
                                                            1. Subventricular Zone
                                                              1. Dentate Gyrus
                                                              2. Differentiation into Neural Lineages
                                                                1. Adult Neurogenesis
                                                                2. Intestinal Stem Cells
                                                                  1. Location in Crypts
                                                                    1. Role in Epithelial Renewal
                                                                      1. Lgr5-positive Stem Cells
                                                                        1. Reserve Stem Cells
                                                                        2. Skin (Epidermal) Stem Cells
                                                                          1. Location in Basal Layer
                                                                            1. Role in Skin Regeneration
                                                                              1. Hair Follicle Stem Cells
                                                                                1. Sebaceous Gland Stem Cells
                                                                                2. Other Tissue-Specific Stem Cells
                                                                                  1. Muscle Satellite Cells
                                                                                    1. Hepatic Stem Cells
                                                                                      1. Cardiac Stem Cells
                                                                                        1. Mammary Stem Cells
                                                                                          1. Pancreatic Stem Cells
                                                                                        2. Perinatal Stem Cells
                                                                                          1. Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells
                                                                                            1. Collection and Storage
                                                                                              1. Clinical Uses
                                                                                                1. Banking Systems
                                                                                                2. Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells
                                                                                                  1. Isolation Methods
                                                                                                    1. Differentiation Potential
                                                                                                      1. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                      2. Placental Stem Cells
                                                                                                        1. Types
                                                                                                          1. Amniotic Membrane Stem Cells
                                                                                                            1. Chorionic Villus Stem Cells
                                                                                                            2. Potential Applications
                                                                                                              1. Immunological Properties
                                                                                                          2. Based on Generation Method
                                                                                                            1. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
                                                                                                              1. Reprogramming Somatic Cells
                                                                                                                1. Somatic Cell Sources
                                                                                                                  1. Reprogramming Process
                                                                                                                    1. Efficiency and Kinetics
                                                                                                                    2. Yamanaka Factors
                                                                                                                      1. Oct4
                                                                                                                        1. Sox2
                                                                                                                          1. Klf4
                                                                                                                            1. c-Myc
                                                                                                                            2. Alternative Reprogramming Methods
                                                                                                                              1. Small Molecule Approaches
                                                                                                                                1. Protein-Based Reprogramming
                                                                                                                                  1. RNA-Based Methods
                                                                                                                                  2. Characteristics and Comparison to ESCs
                                                                                                                                    1. Pluripotency Markers
                                                                                                                                      1. Epigenetic State
                                                                                                                                        1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                                                          1. Genomic Integrity
                                                                                                                                        2. Parthenogenetic Stem Cells
                                                                                                                                          1. Generation Methods
                                                                                                                                            1. Characteristics
                                                                                                                                              1. Potential Applications
                                                                                                                                              2. Nuclear Transfer Stem Cells
                                                                                                                                                1. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
                                                                                                                                                  1. Technical Challenges
                                                                                                                                                    1. Therapeutic Potential

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                                                                                                                                                1. Introduction to Stem Cell Biology

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                                                                                                                                                3. Fundamental Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms