Stellar Astronomy and Astrophysics

7.

Stellar Death and Remnants

7.1.

White Dwarf Formation

7.1.1.

Low-Mass Star Endpoints

7.1.2.

Planetary Nebula Ejection

7.1.3.

Central Star Evolution

7.1.4.

Cooling Sequence Entry

7.2.

White Dwarf Properties

7.2.1.

Electron Degeneracy Pressure

7.2.2.

Mass-Radius Relation

7.2.3.

Chandrasekhar Limit

7.2.4.

7.2.4.1.

Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs

7.2.4.2.

Oxygen-Neon White Dwarfs

7.2.4.3.

Helium White Dwarfs

7.3.

White Dwarf Evolution

7.3.1.

Cooling Process

7.3.1.1.

Thermal Evolution

7.3.1.2.

Crystallization

7.3.1.3.

Neutrino Cooling

7.3.2.

Observational Properties

7.3.2.1.

Luminosity Function

7.3.2.2.

Age Determination

7.3.2.3.

Galactic Disk Age

7.4.

Neutron Star Formation

7.4.1.

Core-Collapse Mechanism

7.4.2.

Neutronization Process

7.4.3.

Neutron Degeneracy Pressure

7.4.4.

Maximum Mass Limits

7.5.

Neutron Star Properties

7.5.1.

Extreme Density

7.5.2.

Strong Magnetic Fields

7.5.3.

7.5.4.

Equation of State

7.5.5.

Internal Structure

7.5.5.1.

7.5.5.2.

7.5.5.3.

7.6.

Pulsar Phenomena

7.6.1.

Lighthouse Model

7.6.2.

Pulse Characteristics

7.6.3.

Timing Observations

7.6.4.

7.6.5.

Spin-Down Evolution

7.6.6.

Millisecond Pulsars

7.7.

7.7.1.

Ultra-Strong Magnetic Fields

7.7.2.

Soft Gamma Repeaters

7.7.3.

Anomalous X-ray Pulsars

7.7.4.

7.8.

Black Hole Formation

7.8.1.

Stellar Mass Black Holes

7.8.2.

Core Collapse Beyond Neutron Stars

7.8.3.

Event Horizon Formation

7.8.4.

No-Hair Theorem

7.9.

Black Hole Properties

7.9.1.

Schwarzschild Radius

7.9.2.

7.9.3.

Hawking Radiation

7.9.4.

Information Paradox

7.10.

Observational Signatures

7.10.1.

7.10.2.

Accretion Disks

7.10.3.

Gravitational Wave Sources

7.10.4.

Tidal Disruption Events

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