SQL Database Language

9.

Advanced SQL Features

9.1.

Views and Virtual Tables

9.1.1.

9.1.1.1.

Virtual Table Definition

9.1.1.2.

Data Abstraction

9.1.1.3.

Security Benefits

9.1.2.

9.1.2.1.

CREATE VIEW Syntax

9.1.2.2.

View Definition Storage

9.1.2.3.

Column Aliasing in Views

9.1.3.

9.1.3.1.

9.1.3.2.

View as Table Substitute

9.1.3.3.

Nested View Usage

9.1.4.

Updatable Views

9.1.4.1.

Update Conditions

9.1.4.2.

INSERT Through Views

9.1.4.3.

UPDATE Through Views

9.1.4.4.

DELETE Through Views

9.1.4.5.

Updatability Rules

9.1.5.

View Management

9.1.5.1.

ALTER VIEW Operations

9.1.5.2.

DROP VIEW Operations

9.1.5.3.

View Dependencies

9.1.6.

Materialized Views

9.1.6.1.

Physical Storage

9.1.6.2.

Refresh Strategies

9.1.6.3.

Performance Benefits

9.2.

Indexes and Performance

9.2.1.

Index Fundamentals

9.2.1.1.

Index Purpose and Benefits

9.2.1.2.

Query Performance Impact

9.2.1.3.

Storage Overhead

9.2.2.

9.2.2.1.

9.2.2.1.1.

Balanced Tree Structure

9.2.2.1.2.

Range Query Optimization

9.2.2.1.3.

Default Index Type

9.2.2.2.

9.2.2.2.1.

Equality Comparison Optimization

9.2.2.2.2.

Memory-Based Storage

9.2.2.3.

9.2.2.3.1.

Low Cardinality Optimization

9.2.2.3.2.

Data Warehouse Usage

9.2.2.4.

Full-Text Indexes

9.2.2.4.1.

Text Search Optimization

9.2.2.4.2.

Natural Language Queries

9.2.3.

Index Categories

9.2.3.1.

Clustered Indexes

9.2.3.1.1.

Physical Row Ordering

9.2.3.1.2.

Primary Key Integration

9.2.3.1.3.

One Per Table Limitation

9.2.3.2.

Non-Clustered Indexes

9.2.3.2.1.

Logical Ordering

9.2.3.2.2.

Multiple Index Support

9.2.3.2.3.

Pointer-Based Access

9.2.3.3.

9.2.3.3.1.

Uniqueness Enforcement

9.2.3.3.2.

Constraint Integration

9.2.3.4.

Composite Indexes

9.2.3.4.1.

Multi-Column Indexing

9.2.3.4.2.

Column Order Importance

9.2.3.4.3.

Prefix Matching

9.2.4.

Index Management

9.2.4.1.

CREATE INDEX Syntax

9.2.4.2.

Index Naming Conventions

9.2.4.3.

DROP INDEX Operations

9.2.4.4.

Index Rebuilding

9.2.4.5.

Index Statistics

9.2.5.

Index Design Considerations

9.2.5.1.

Column Selectivity

9.2.5.2.

Query Pattern Analysis

9.2.5.3.

Maintenance Overhead

9.2.5.4.

Storage Requirements

9.3.

9.3.1.

Set Theory in SQL

9.3.2.

UNION Operations

9.3.2.1.

Combining Result Sets

9.3.2.2.

Duplicate Elimination

9.3.2.3.

Column Compatibility

9.3.3.

UNION ALL Operations

9.3.3.1.

Including Duplicates

9.3.3.2.

Performance Benefits

9.3.3.3.

Use Case Scenarios

9.3.4.

INTERSECT Operations

9.3.4.1.

Common Row Identification

9.3.4.2.

Set Intersection Logic

9.3.5.

EXCEPT Operations

9.3.5.1.

Set Difference Calculation

9.3.5.2.

Row Exclusion Logic

9.3.6.

Set Operation Rules

9.3.6.1.

Column Count Matching

9.3.6.2.

Data Type Compatibility

9.3.6.3.

ORDER BY Restrictions

9.3.7.

Set Operation Precedence

9.3.7.1.

Operator Priority

9.3.7.2.

Parentheses Usage

9.4.

Common Table Expressions

9.4.1.

CTE Fundamentals

9.4.1.1.

WITH Clause Syntax

9.4.1.2.

Temporary Named Result Sets

9.4.1.3.

Query Readability Benefits

9.4.2.

Non-Recursive CTEs

9.4.2.1.

Simple CTE Definition

9.4.2.2.

Multiple CTE Usage

9.4.2.3.

CTE Scope and Lifetime

9.4.3.

9.4.3.1.

Recursive Query Structure

9.4.3.2.

Anchor and Recursive Members

9.4.3.3.

Termination Conditions

9.4.3.4.

Hierarchical Data Processing

9.4.3.5.

Tree Traversal Patterns

9.4.4.

CTE vs Subquery Comparison

9.4.4.1.

Readability Advantages

9.4.4.2.

Reusability Benefits

9.4.4.3.

Performance Considerations

9.5.

Window Functions

9.5.1.

Window Function Concepts

9.5.1.1.

Analytical Function Category

9.5.1.2.

Row-Level Calculations

9.5.1.3.

Set-Based Context

9.5.2.

9.5.2.1.

Window Specification

9.5.2.2.

Partitioning and Ordering

9.5.3.

PARTITION BY Clause

9.5.3.1.

Data Partitioning

9.5.3.2.

Independent Calculations

9.5.3.3.

Grouping Without Aggregation

9.5.4.

ORDER BY in Windows

9.5.4.1.

Row Ordering Within Partitions

9.5.4.2.

Ranking Foundations

9.5.4.3.

Frame Boundary Definitions

9.5.5.

9.5.5.1.

ROWS Frame Type

9.5.5.2.

RANGE Frame Type

9.5.5.3.

Frame Boundaries

9.5.5.3.1.

UNBOUNDED PRECEDING

9.5.5.3.2.

9.5.5.3.3.

UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING

9.5.5.3.4.

Numeric PRECEDING/FOLLOWING

9.5.6.

Ranking Functions

9.5.6.1.

ROW_NUMBER Function

9.5.6.1.1.

Unique Row Numbering

9.5.6.1.2.

9.5.6.2.

9.5.6.2.1.

Ranking with Gaps

9.5.6.2.2.

9.5.6.3.

DENSE_RANK Function

9.5.6.3.1.

Ranking without Gaps

9.5.6.3.2.

Consecutive Ranking

9.5.6.4.

9.5.6.4.1.

Bucket Distribution

9.5.6.4.2.

Percentile Grouping

9.5.7.

Offset Functions

9.5.7.1.

9.5.7.1.1.

Previous Row Access

9.5.7.1.2.

Default Value Handling

9.5.7.2.

9.5.7.2.1.

Next Row Access

9.5.7.2.2.

Look-Ahead Capabilities

9.5.7.3.

FIRST_VALUE Function

9.5.7.3.1.

Frame First Value

9.5.7.4.

LAST_VALUE Function

9.5.7.4.1.

Frame Last Value

9.5.8.

Aggregate Window Functions

9.5.8.1.

9.5.8.2.

Moving Averages

9.5.8.3.

Cumulative Calculations

9.5.9.

Window Function Applications

9.5.9.1.

9.5.9.2.

Running Calculations

9.5.9.3.

Comparative Analysis

9.5.9.4.

Time Series Analysis

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