Spatial Analysis

9.

Surface and Terrain Analysis

9.1.

Digital Elevation Models

9.1.1.

DEM Types and Sources

9.1.1.1.

Digital Terrain Models

9.1.1.2.

Digital Surface Models

9.1.1.3.

Canopy Height Models

9.1.2.

DEM Data Sources

9.1.2.1.

9.1.2.2.

9.1.2.3.

9.1.2.4.

9.1.3.

DEM Quality and Resolution

9.2.

Primary Terrain Attributes

9.2.1.

9.2.1.1.

Slope Calculation Methods

9.2.1.2.

Slope Units and Representation

9.2.1.3.

Slope Classification

9.2.2.

Aspect Analysis

9.2.2.1.

Aspect Calculation

9.2.2.2.

9.2.2.3.

Flat Area Handling

9.2.3.

Elevation Statistics

9.2.3.1.

Elevation Zones

9.2.3.2.

Elevation Profiles

9.3.

Secondary Terrain Attributes

9.3.1.

Illumination and Shading

9.3.1.1.

Hillshade Calculation

9.3.1.2.

Sun Angle Parameters

9.3.1.3.

Multiple Illumination

9.3.2.

Curvature Analysis

9.3.2.1.

Profile Curvature

9.3.2.2.

Planform Curvature

9.3.2.3.

Total Curvature

9.3.3.

Terrain Complexity

9.3.3.1.

Ruggedness Index

9.3.3.2.

Terrain Roughness

9.3.3.3.

Topographic Position Index

9.4.

Visibility Analysis

9.4.1.

Viewshed Analysis

9.4.1.1.

Observer Points

9.4.1.2.

9.4.1.3.

Viewing Parameters

9.4.2.

Line of Sight Analysis

9.4.2.1.

Point-to-Point Visibility

9.4.2.2.

Obstruction Analysis

9.4.3.

Intervisibility Analysis

9.4.3.1.

Multiple Observer Points

9.4.3.2.

Cumulative Viewsheds

9.5.

Hydrological Analysis

9.5.1.

9.5.1.1.

9.5.1.2.

Multiple Flow Direction

9.5.1.3.

Flow Direction Grids

9.5.2.

Flow Accumulation

9.5.2.1.

Upstream Area Calculation

9.5.2.2.

Drainage Network Identification

9.5.3.

Watershed Delineation

9.5.3.1.

9.5.3.2.

Catchment Boundaries

9.5.3.3.

Nested Watersheds

9.5.4.

Stream Network Analysis

9.5.4.1.

9.5.4.2.

9.5.4.3.

Drainage Density

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10. Network Analysis