Spatial Analysis

3.

Fundamental Spatial Concepts and Measurements

3.1.

Distance and Proximity

3.1.1.

Distance Concepts

3.1.1.1.

Euclidean Distance

3.1.1.1.1.

Straight-Line Distance

3.1.1.1.2.

Calculation Methods

3.1.1.1.3.

Limitations in Real-World Applications

3.1.1.2.

Manhattan Distance

3.1.1.2.1.

Grid-Based Distance

3.1.1.2.2.

Urban Applications

3.1.1.3.

Network Distance

3.1.1.3.1.

Path-Based Distance

3.1.1.3.2.

Travel Time and Cost

3.1.1.3.3.

Impedance Factors

3.1.2.

Proximity Relationships

3.1.2.1.

Near and Far Concepts

3.1.2.2.

Proximity Zones

3.1.2.3.

3.2.

Spatial Relationships and Topology

3.2.1.

Adjacency and Connectivity

3.2.1.1.

Types of Adjacency

3.2.1.2.

3.2.1.3.

3.2.1.4.

Connectivity in Networks

3.2.2.

Containment Relationships

3.2.2.1.

Within Relationships

3.2.2.2.

Contains Relationships

3.2.2.3.

Overlap Relationships

3.2.3.

Topological Concepts

3.2.3.1.

Topological Rules

3.2.3.2.

Topological Data Structures

3.2.3.3.

Topological Consistency

3.3.

Direction and Orientation

3.3.1.

Direction Systems

3.3.1.1.

Cardinal Directions

3.3.1.2.

Ordinal Directions

3.3.1.3.

Bearing and Azimuth

3.3.2.

Orientation Analysis

3.3.2.1.

Feature Orientation

3.3.2.2.

Directional Statistics

3.3.2.3.

Circular Statistics

3.4.

Scale in Spatial Analysis

3.4.1.

Spatial Scale Concepts

3.4.1.1.

3.4.1.2.

3.4.1.3.

3.4.2.

Scale Effects on Analysis

3.4.2.1.

Scale-Dependent Patterns

3.4.2.2.

Scale Mismatch Problems

3.4.2.3.

Multi-Scale Analysis

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2. Foundations of Geographic Data

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4. Basic Analytical Operations