Soil Science and Carbon Sequestration

6.

Co-Benefits and Trade-offs of Carbon Sequestration

6.1.

Co-Benefits for Soil Health and Ecosystem Services

6.1.1.

Improved Soil Structure and Water Retention

6.1.1.1.

Aggregate Stability

6.1.1.1.1.

Wet Aggregate Stability

6.1.1.1.2.

Structural Resilience

6.1.1.2.

Infiltration Rates

6.1.1.2.1.

6.1.1.2.2.

Runoff Reduction

6.1.2.

Enhanced Nutrient Cycling and Fertility

6.1.2.1.

Increased Microbial Activity

6.1.2.1.1.

Enzyme Production

6.1.2.1.2.

Decomposition Rates

6.1.2.2.

Improved Nutrient Availability

6.1.2.2.1.

Mineralization Processes

6.1.2.2.2.

6.1.3.

Increased Biodiversity

6.1.3.1.

Aboveground Biodiversity

6.1.3.1.1.

Plant Species Diversity

6.1.3.1.2.

Wildlife Habitat

6.1.3.2.

Belowground Biodiversity

6.1.3.2.1.

Soil Fauna Diversity

6.1.3.2.2.

Microbial Diversity

6.1.4.

Reduced Erosion

6.1.4.1.

6.1.4.1.1.

Residue Protection

6.1.4.1.2.

6.1.4.2.

6.1.4.2.1.

6.1.4.2.2.

Slope Stabilization

6.1.5.

Improved Climate Resilience

6.1.5.1.

Drought Resistance

6.1.5.1.1.

6.1.5.1.2.

Plant Stress Tolerance

6.1.5.2.

Flood Mitigation

6.1.5.2.1.

Water Absorption

6.1.5.2.2.

Peak Flow Reduction

6.2.

Potential Trade-offs and Challenges

6.2.1.

Greenhouse Gas Fluxes

6.2.1.1.

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions

6.2.1.1.1.

Nitrification and Denitrification

6.2.1.1.2.

Management Effects

6.2.1.2.

Methane (CH4) Emissions

6.2.1.2.1.

Anaerobic Conditions

6.2.1.2.2.

Rice Production Systems

6.2.2.

Competition for Land Use

6.2.2.1.

Food vs. Carbon Crops

6.2.2.1.1.

Land Allocation

6.2.2.1.2.

6.2.2.2.

Land Tenure Conflicts

6.2.2.2.1.

6.2.2.2.2.

6.2.3.

Economic Costs and Barriers to Adoption

6.2.3.1.

Upfront Investment

6.2.3.1.1.

Equipment Costs

6.2.3.1.2.

Transition Expenses

6.2.3.2.

Access to Technology

6.2.3.2.1.

Technology Transfer

6.2.3.2.2.

Technical Support

6.2.4.

Saturation of Soil Carbon Storage Capacity

6.2.4.1.

Limits to Sequestration Potential

6.2.4.1.1.

Equilibrium Levels

6.2.4.1.2.

Diminishing Returns

6.2.4.2.

Long-Term Stability

6.2.4.2.1.

Permanence Issues

6.2.4.2.2.

Reversibility Risks

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