Soil Science and Carbon Sequestration

2.

The Global Carbon Cycle

2.1.

Major Carbon Reservoirs

2.1.1.

2.1.1.1.

Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

2.1.1.1.1.

2.1.1.1.2.

Historical Trends

2.1.1.1.3.

Seasonal Variations

2.1.1.2.

Methane and Other Gases

2.1.1.2.1.

Methane Sources and Sinks

2.1.1.2.2.

Other Carbon-Containing Gases

2.1.2.

2.1.2.1.

Dissolved Inorganic Carbon

2.1.2.1.1.

Carbonate System

2.1.2.1.2.

pH and Ocean Acidification

2.1.2.2.

2.1.2.2.1.

2.1.2.2.2.

Marine Food Webs

2.1.2.2.3.

Deep Ocean Carbon

2.1.3.

Terrestrial Ecosystems

2.1.3.1.

2.1.3.1.1.

Tropical Forests

2.1.3.1.2.

Temperate Forests

2.1.3.1.3.

2.1.3.2.

2.1.3.2.1.

Temperate Grasslands

2.1.3.2.2.

Tropical Savannas

2.1.3.3.

2.1.3.3.1.

2.1.3.3.2.

Marshes and Swamps

2.1.3.4.

2.1.3.4.1.

Soil Organic Carbon Stocks

2.1.3.4.2.

Distribution by Biome

2.1.4.

Geologic Reserves

2.1.4.1.

2.1.4.1.1.

2.1.4.1.2.

Oil and Natural Gas

2.1.4.2.

Sedimentary Rocks

2.1.4.2.1.

Limestone and Dolomite

2.1.4.2.2.

Organic-Rich Shales

2.2.

Carbon Fluxes Between Reservoirs

2.2.1.

2.2.1.1.

Carbon Uptake by Plants

2.2.1.1.1.

Gross Primary Production

2.2.1.1.2.

C3 and C4 Photosynthesis

2.2.1.1.3.

Environmental Controls

2.2.2.

2.2.2.1.

Autotrophic Respiration

2.2.2.1.1.

Plant Respiration

2.2.2.1.2.

Growth and Maintenance

2.2.2.2.

Heterotrophic Respiration

2.2.2.2.1.

Soil Respiration

2.2.2.2.2.

Decomposer Activity

2.2.3.

2.2.3.1.

Microbial Breakdown of Organic Matter

2.2.3.1.1.

Enzymatic Processes

2.2.3.1.2.

Environmental Controls

2.2.3.1.3.

Decomposition Rates

2.2.4.

Ocean-Atmosphere Exchange

2.2.4.1.

Gas Exchange Processes

2.2.4.1.1.

Solubility Pump

2.2.4.1.2.

Biological Pump

2.2.4.2.

Oceanic Carbon Sinks and Sources

2.2.4.2.1.

Upwelling and Downwelling

2.2.4.2.2.

Seasonal Patterns

2.2.5.

Land-Use Change

2.2.5.1.

2.2.5.1.1.

Carbon Emissions

2.2.5.1.2.

Regional Patterns

2.2.5.2.

2.2.5.2.1.

Carbon Sequestration

2.2.5.2.2.

Reforestation Programs

2.2.5.3.

2.2.5.3.1.

Land Cover Changes

2.2.5.3.2.

2.2.6.

Fossil Fuel Combustion

2.2.6.1.

Emissions from Energy Production

2.2.6.1.1.

Coal Combustion

2.2.6.1.2.

Oil and Gas Burning

2.2.6.2.

Industrial Processes

2.2.6.2.1.

Cement Production

2.2.6.2.2.

Steel Manufacturing

2.3.

The Role of Soils in the Global Carbon Cycle

2.3.1.

Soil as a Major Terrestrial Carbon Pool

2.3.1.1.

Size and Distribution of Soil Carbon Stocks

2.3.1.1.1.

Global Estimates

2.3.1.1.2.

Regional Variations

2.3.1.1.3.

Depth Distribution

2.3.1.2.

Comparison with Other Reservoirs

2.3.1.2.1.

Relative Magnitudes

2.3.1.2.2.

2.3.2.

Anthropogenic Impacts on the Carbon Cycle

2.3.2.1.

Agriculture and Land Management

2.3.2.1.1.

Tillage Effects

2.3.2.1.2.

Crop Production Systems

2.3.2.2.

Industrialization

2.3.2.2.1.

Pollution Effects

2.3.2.2.2.

Nitrogen Deposition

2.3.2.3.

Climate Change Feedbacks

2.3.2.3.1.

Temperature Effects

2.3.2.3.2.

Precipitation Changes

2.3.2.3.3.

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1. Foundations of Soil Science

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3. Soil Carbon Dynamics