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Statistics
Social Statistics
1. Introduction to Social Statistics
2. Fundamental Concepts
3. Data Collection Methods
4. Sampling Techniques
5. Data Management and Preparation
6. Descriptive Statistics: Univariate Analysis
7. Foundations of Inferential Statistics
8. Estimation and Confidence Intervals
9. Hypothesis Testing
10. Testing for Differences Between Means
11. Analysis of Categorical Data
12. Bivariate Correlation and Regression
13. Multivariate Regression
14. Advanced Topics in Social Statistics
15. Communicating Statistical Results
Bivariate Correlation and Regression
Correlation Analysis
Concept of Correlation
Scatterplots
Creating and Interpreting Scatterplots
Identifying Patterns and Outliers
Linear vs. Non-linear Relationships
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
Assumptions
Calculation Methods
Interpretation of r Values
Statistical Significance Testing
Confidence Intervals for Correlations
Coefficient of Determination
r-squared Interpretation
Explained vs. Unexplained Variance
Spearman's Rank Correlation
When to Use
Calculation and Interpretation
Point-Biserial Correlation
Correlation with Dichotomous Variables
Partial Correlation
Controlling for Third Variables
Correlation vs. Causation
Common Misconceptions
Third Variable Problem
Spurious Correlations
Simple Linear Regression
The Regression Model
Population vs. Sample Regression
Linear Relationship Assumption
Least Squares Method
Minimizing Sum of Squared Errors
Calculating Slope and Intercept
The Regression Equation
Interpreting the Intercept
Interpreting the Slope
Making Predictions
Assessing Model Fit
R-squared
Standard Error of Estimate
Residual Analysis
Assumptions of Linear Regression
Linearity
Independence
Homoscedasticity
Normality of Residuals
Inference in Regression
Testing Significance of Slope
Confidence Intervals for Parameters
Prediction Intervals
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13. Multivariate Regression