Sailing

4.

Physics and Theory of Sailing

4.1.

4.1.1.

4.1.1.1.

Pressure Differentials

4.1.1.2.

Thermal Effects

4.1.1.3.

Geographic Influences

4.1.2.

Wind Characteristics

4.1.2.1.

Wind Speed Measurement

4.1.2.2.

Wind Direction Stability

4.1.2.3.

4.1.2.4.

Turbulence Effects

4.1.3.

Apparent Wind Theory

4.1.3.1.

Vector Addition

4.1.3.2.

Apparent Wind Triangle

4.1.3.3.

Speed Effects on Apparent Wind

4.2.

Aerodynamics of Sailing

4.2.1.

Airflow Over Sails

4.2.1.1.

Bernoulli's Principle

4.2.1.2.

Newton's Laws Application

4.2.1.3.

Boundary Layer Effects

4.2.2.

Sail Shape and Performance

4.2.2.1.

Camber and Draft

4.2.2.2.

Angle of Attack

4.2.2.3.

Twist and Leech Tension

4.2.3.

Lift and Drag Forces

4.2.3.1.

Lift Generation Mechanisms

4.2.3.2.

4.2.3.3.

4.2.3.4.

Stall Characteristics

4.3.

4.3.1.

Water Flow Around Hull

4.3.1.1.

Laminar vs Turbulent Flow

4.3.1.2.

Hull Speed Theory

4.3.1.3.

Wave-Making Resistance

4.3.2.

Underwater Foil Theory

4.3.2.1.

Keel Lift Generation

4.3.2.2.

Rudder Effectiveness

4.3.2.3.

Leeway and Side Force

4.3.3.

Stability Principles

4.3.3.1.

Initial Stability

4.3.3.2.

Ultimate Stability

4.3.3.3.

Righting Moment

4.3.3.4.

Center of Gravity Effects

4.4.

Forces and Balance

4.4.1.

Center of Effort

4.4.1.1.

Sail Plan Center of Effort

4.4.1.2.

Dynamic Changes

4.4.2.

Center of Lateral Resistance

4.4.2.1.

Hull and Keel Contribution

4.4.2.2.

4.4.3.

4.4.3.1.

4.4.3.2.

4.4.3.3.

4.4.4.

4.4.4.1.

4.4.4.2.

Righting Moment

4.4.4.3.

Angle of Heel Effects

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