Ruby Programming Language

The Ruby programming language is a dynamic, open-source, and purely object-oriented language developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto with a philosophy centered on programmer productivity and happiness. Known for its elegant and highly readable syntax that often resembles natural English, Ruby treats everything as an object, providing great flexibility and powerful metaprogramming capabilities. It gained immense popularity with the advent of the Ruby on Rails framework, a full-stack web application framework that enables rapid development following the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern, making it a go-to choice for web startups, scripting, and prototyping.

1. Introduction to Ruby
   1. History and Philosophy
      1. Origins of Ruby
      2. Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto
      3. Influences from Other Languages
         1. Perl
         2. Smalltalk
         3. Eiffel
         4. Ada
         5. Lisp
      4. Principle of Least Astonishment (POLA)
      5. Focus on Programmer Happiness and Productivity
      6. Open Source Community and Development
      7. Ruby Versions and Evolution
   2. Key Characteristics
      1. Dynamic Typing
      2. Interpreted Language
      3. Purely Object-Oriented
      4. Everything is an Object
      5. Duck Typing
      6. Automatic Memory Management
         1. Garbage Collection
         2. Mark and Sweep Algorithm
      7. Metaprogramming Support
      8. Flexible Syntax
      9. Readability and Expressiveness
      10. Cross-Platform Compatibility
   3. Setting Up the Development Environment
      1. Installing Ruby
         1. Official Ruby Distributions
         2. Using Version Managers
            1. rbenv
            2. RVM
            3. chruby
         3. Installing on macOS
            1. Homebrew Installation
            2. System Ruby Considerations
         4. Installing on Windows
            1. RubyInstaller
            2. Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)
         5. Installing on Linux
            1. Package Manager Installation
            2. Building from Source
         6. Verifying Installation
            1. Version Check
            2. Basic Command Testing
      2. Interactive Ruby (IRB)
         1. Starting IRB
         2. Basic IRB Commands
         3. Configuration Options
         4. History and Tab Completion
         5. Exiting IRB
      3. Running Ruby Scripts from the Command Line
         1. File Extensions and Conventions
         2. Executing Scripts
         3. Passing Arguments to Scripts
         4. Command Line Options
         5. Shebang Lines
      4. Choosing a Code Editor or IDE
         1. Popular Editors
            1. VS Code
            2. Sublime Text
            3. Atom
            4. Vim
            5. Emacs
         2. Ruby-Specific Plugins and Extensions
         3. IDEs with Ruby Support
            1. RubyMine
            2. Eclipse with DLTK
         4. Syntax Highlighting and Code Completion
      5. Setting Up Project Structure
         1. Directory Organization
         2. Version Control with Git
         3. README Files
         4. License Files