Rhizobium Genetics and Plasmid Biology

4.

Molecular Communication and Nodulation

4.1.

Plant-Bacterial Signal Exchange

4.1.1.

Plant Signal Molecules

4.1.1.1.

Flavonoids and isoflavonoids

4.1.1.2.

Phenolic compounds

4.1.1.3.

4.1.1.4.

Signal diversity and specificity

4.1.2.

Signal Secretion Mechanisms

4.1.2.1.

Root exudation patterns

4.1.2.2.

Environmental influences

4.1.2.3.

Temporal regulation

4.1.3.

Bacterial Signal Perception

4.1.3.1.

Chemoreceptor systems

4.1.3.2.

Signal transduction pathways

4.1.3.3.

Response mechanisms

4.2.

The NodD Regulatory System

4.2.1.

NodD Protein Structure and Function

4.2.1.1.

LysR-type transcriptional regulator

4.2.1.2.

DNA-binding domain

4.2.1.3.

Ligand-binding domain

4.2.1.4.

Oligomerization

4.2.2.

Flavonoid Recognition

4.2.2.1.

Ligand specificity

4.2.2.2.

Binding mechanisms

4.2.2.3.

Conformational changes

4.2.3.

Transcriptional Activation

4.2.3.1.

Promoter recognition

4.2.3.2.

RNA polymerase recruitment

4.2.3.3.

Activation mechanisms

4.3.

Nodulation Gene Organization

4.3.1.

Common nod Genes

4.3.1.1.

nodA function and regulation

4.3.1.2.

nodB enzymatic activity

4.3.1.3.

nodC biosynthetic role

4.3.1.4.

Nod factor backbone synthesis

4.3.2.

Host-Specific nod Genes

4.3.2.1.

nodF and nodE functions

4.3.2.2.

nodL modification activity

4.3.2.3.

nodH sulfation activity

4.3.2.4.

nodP and nodQ roles

4.3.2.5.

Host range determination

4.3.3.

Regulatory Elements

4.3.3.1.

nod box sequences

4.3.3.2.

Promoter architecture

4.3.3.3.

Regulatory protein binding sites

4.3.4.

Expression Control

4.3.4.1.

Environmental regulation

4.3.4.2.

Temporal control

4.3.4.3.

Feedback mechanisms

4.4.

Nod Factor Structure and Function

4.4.1.

Chemical Composition

4.4.1.1.

Lipo-chitooligosaccharide backbone

4.4.1.2.

Acyl chain variations

4.4.1.3.

Sugar modifications

4.4.1.4.

Substitution patterns

4.4.2.

Structural Diversity

4.4.2.1.

Species-specific modifications

4.4.2.2.

Host-specific variants

4.4.2.3.

Biosynthetic pathways

4.4.3.

Biological Activity

4.4.3.1.

Plant receptor recognition

4.4.3.2.

Signal transduction initiation

4.4.3.3.

Developmental responses

4.5.

Plant Nod Factor Perception

4.5.1.

Receptor Systems

4.5.1.1.

Nod factor receptors (NFR1/NFR5)

4.5.1.2.

Receptor-like kinases

4.5.1.3.

Co-receptor proteins

4.5.2.

Signal Transduction Cascades

4.5.2.1.

Calcium signaling

4.5.2.2.

Protein kinase cascades

4.5.2.3.

Transcriptional responses

4.5.3.

Early Plant Responses

4.5.3.1.

Root hair deformation

4.5.3.2.

Calcium oscillations

4.5.3.3.

Gene expression changes

4.5.3.4.

Cytoskeletal reorganization

4.6.

Infection Process Initiation

4.6.1.

Root Hair Attachment

4.6.1.1.

Bacterial adhesion

4.6.1.2.

Surface interactions

4.6.1.3.

Attachment proteins

4.6.2.

Infection Thread Formation

4.6.2.1.

Cell wall modifications

4.6.2.2.

Thread development

4.6.2.3.

Bacterial progression

4.6.3.

Cortical Cell Activation

4.6.3.1.

Cell division induction

4.6.3.2.

Nodule primordium formation

4.6.3.3.

Developmental programs

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5. Nitrogen Fixation Mechanisms