Railway Engineering

  1. Railway Signaling and Train Control
    1. Principles and Objectives of Signaling
      1. Safety and Efficiency
        1. Accident Prevention
          1. Capacity Optimization
          2. Train Separation
            1. Safe Following Distance
              1. Collision Avoidance
            2. Train Separation and Block Systems
              1. Absolute Block System
                1. Working Principle
                  1. Single Train Occupancy
                    1. Manual Control
                    2. Advantages and Limitations
                      1. Safety Benefits
                        1. Capacity Constraints
                      2. Automatic Block System
                        1. Operation and Components
                          1. Track Circuits
                            1. Signal Automation
                            2. Capacity Improvements
                            3. Moving Block System
                              1. Principles and Applications
                                1. Continuous Position Monitoring
                                  1. Dynamic Block Boundaries
                                  2. Technology Requirements
                                2. Railway Signals
                                  1. Classification of Signals
                                    1. Fixed Signals
                                      1. Mast Signals
                                        1. Bracket Signals
                                        2. Hand Signals
                                          1. Flag Signals
                                            1. Lamp Signals
                                            2. Cab Signals
                                              1. In-Cab Display
                                                1. Automatic Train Control
                                              2. Semaphore Signals
                                                1. Types and Operation
                                                  1. Lower Quadrant
                                                    1. Upper Quadrant
                                                    2. Mechanical Operation
                                                    3. Color Light Signals
                                                      1. Aspects and Indications
                                                        1. Red Aspect
                                                          1. Yellow Aspect
                                                            1. Green Aspect
                                                            2. LED Technology
                                                            3. Signal Aspect and Indication
                                                              1. Meaning of Aspects
                                                                1. Stop Indications
                                                                  1. Proceed Indications
                                                                  2. Driver Response
                                                                    1. Required Actions
                                                                      1. Speed Restrictions
                                                                  3. Track Circuits and Axle Counters
                                                                    1. Principles of Operation
                                                                      1. Electrical Detection
                                                                        1. Train Presence Detection
                                                                        2. Types of Track Circuits
                                                                          1. DC Track Circuits
                                                                            1. AC Track Circuits
                                                                              1. Audio Frequency Track Circuits
                                                                              2. Axle Counter Systems
                                                                                1. Wheel Detection
                                                                                  1. Count Verification
                                                                                2. Interlocking Systems
                                                                                  1. Mechanical Interlocking
                                                                                    1. Components and Operation
                                                                                      1. Lever Frames
                                                                                        1. Mechanical Connections
                                                                                        2. Safety Principles
                                                                                        3. Electro-Mechanical Interlocking
                                                                                          1. Relay Logic
                                                                                            1. Motor-Driven Points
                                                                                            2. Relay-Based Interlocking
                                                                                              1. Relay Logic Circuits
                                                                                                1. Fail-Safe Principles
                                                                                                2. Solid-State Interlocking
                                                                                                  1. Computer-Based Interlocking
                                                                                                    1. Software Logic
                                                                                                      1. Hardware Architecture
                                                                                                      2. Safety Certification
                                                                                                    2. Modern Train Control Systems
                                                                                                      1. Automatic Train Protection
                                                                                                        1. Functions and Implementation
                                                                                                          1. Speed Supervision
                                                                                                            1. Signal Enforcement
                                                                                                            2. System Architecture
                                                                                                            3. Automatic Train Control
                                                                                                              1. System Architecture
                                                                                                                1. Wayside Equipment
                                                                                                                  1. Onboard Equipment
                                                                                                                  2. Operational Modes
                                                                                                                  3. Automatic Train Operation
                                                                                                                    1. Levels of Automation
                                                                                                                      1. Grade of Automation 1
                                                                                                                        1. Grade of Automation 2
                                                                                                                          1. Grade of Automation 3
                                                                                                                            1. Grade of Automation 4
                                                                                                                            2. Driverless Operation
                                                                                                                            3. Communications-Based Train Control
                                                                                                                              1. Principles and Benefits
                                                                                                                                1. Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                  1. Continuous Position Reporting
                                                                                                                                  2. System Components
                                                                                                                                  3. European Rail Traffic Management System
                                                                                                                                    1. European Train Control System
                                                                                                                                      1. Levels and Functions
                                                                                                                                        1. ETCS Level 1
                                                                                                                                          1. ETCS Level 2
                                                                                                                                            1. ETCS Level 3
                                                                                                                                            2. Onboard Equipment
                                                                                                                                              1. Trackside Equipment
                                                                                                                                              2. GSM-R
                                                                                                                                                1. Features and Applications
                                                                                                                                                  1. Voice Communication
                                                                                                                                                    1. Data Communication
                                                                                                                                                    2. Network Architecture

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                                                                                                                                              7. Train Dynamics and Performance

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                                                                                                                                              9. Railway Electrification