Radiation Detection and Measurement

9.

Radiation Spectroscopy

9.1.

Principles of Spectroscopy

9.1.1.

Energy Measurement Concepts

9.1.2.

Spectrum Formation

9.1.3.

Resolution and Peak Shape

9.1.4.

Calibration Requirements

9.2.

Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy

9.2.1.

Spectrum Features

9.2.1.1.

Full-Energy Peak

9.2.1.2.

Compton Continuum

9.2.1.3.

9.2.1.4.

Backscatter Peak

9.2.1.5.

Single Escape Peak

9.2.1.6.

Double Escape Peak

9.2.1.7.

Annihilation Peak

9.2.1.8.

9.2.1.9.

9.2.2.

9.2.2.1.

Peak Fitting Methods

9.2.2.2.

Background Subtraction

9.2.2.3.

Peak Area Determination

9.2.3.

Calibration Procedures

9.2.3.1.

Energy Calibration

9.2.3.2.

Efficiency Calibration

9.2.3.3.

Linearity Checks

9.2.4.

Quantitative Analysis

9.2.4.1.

Activity Calculations

9.2.4.2.

Correction Factors

9.2.4.3.

Uncertainty Analysis

9.2.5.

9.2.5.1.

Radionuclide Identification

9.2.5.2.

Environmental Monitoring

9.2.5.3.

Nuclear Material Assay

9.3.

Alpha Spectroscopy

9.3.1.

Challenges in Alpha Spectroscopy

9.3.1.1.

Self-Absorption Effects

9.3.1.2.

Energy Straggling

9.3.1.3.

Source Preparation Requirements

9.3.2.

Detector Systems

9.3.2.1.

Silicon Surface Barrier Detectors

9.3.2.2.

Ion-Implanted Detectors

9.3.2.3.

Gas Proportional Counters

9.3.3.

Vacuum Requirements

9.3.4.

9.3.4.1.

Actinide Analysis

9.3.4.2.

Radon Progeny Measurements

9.4.

Beta Spectroscopy

9.4.1.

Continuous Energy Spectrum

9.4.2.

Detector Considerations

9.4.2.1.

Plastic Scintillators

9.4.2.2.

Liquid Scintillation Counting

9.4.3.

Background Considerations

9.4.4.

9.4.4.1.

Pure Beta Emitter Analysis

9.4.4.2.

Environmental Monitoring

9.5.

X-Ray Spectroscopy

9.5.1.

X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

9.5.1.1.

Excitation Methods

9.5.1.2.

Detector Systems

9.5.1.3.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

9.5.2.

Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy

9.5.3.

Wavelength-Dispersive Spectroscopy

9.5.4.

9.5.4.1.

Elemental Analysis

9.5.4.2.

Material Characterization

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