Qualitative Methods in Geography

  1. Methods of Data Collection
    1. Interviewing Techniques
      1. Types of Interviews
        1. Unstructured Interviews
          1. Conversational Approach
            1. Maximum Flexibility
              1. Emergent Topics
              2. Semi-structured Interviews
                1. Interview Guide Use
                  1. Structured Flexibility
                    1. Consistent Core Questions
                    2. Structured Qualitative Interviews
                      1. Standardized Questions
                        1. Consistent Format
                          1. Comparative Analysis
                          2. Life History Interviews
                            1. Biographical Narratives
                              1. Temporal Perspectives
                                1. Personal Trajectories
                                2. Elite Interviews
                                  1. Expert Knowledge Access
                                    1. Power Dynamics
                                      1. Specialized Techniques
                                    2. Interview Guide Development
                                      1. Question Formulation
                                        1. Logical Sequencing
                                          1. Probing Strategies
                                            1. Pilot Testing
                                            2. Interview Conduct
                                              1. Building Rapport
                                                1. Active Listening
                                                  1. Managing Dynamics
                                                    1. Handling Sensitive Topics
                                                    2. Recording and Documentation
                                                      1. Audio Recording
                                                        1. Video Recording
                                                          1. Field Notes
                                                            1. Post-interview Reflections
                                                          2. Focus Group Methods
                                                            1. Rationale and Applications
                                                              1. Group Dynamics Exploration
                                                                1. Collective Meaning-making
                                                                  1. Social Interaction Analysis
                                                                  2. Group Design
                                                                    1. Composition Strategies
                                                                      1. Size Optimization
                                                                        1. Homogeneous vs Heterogeneous Groups
                                                                        2. Moderation Techniques
                                                                          1. Facilitating Discussion
                                                                            1. Managing Participation
                                                                              1. Handling Conflicts
                                                                                1. Encouraging Quiet Participants
                                                                                2. Data Collection Process
                                                                                  1. Recording Methods
                                                                                    1. Observation Notes
                                                                                      1. Group Dynamic Documentation
                                                                                    2. Ethnographic Methods
                                                                                      1. Ethnographic Approach in Geography
                                                                                        1. Long-term Immersion
                                                                                          1. Holistic Understanding
                                                                                            1. Cultural Interpretation
                                                                                            2. Participant Observation Levels
                                                                                              1. Complete Observer
                                                                                                1. Observer as Participant
                                                                                                  1. Participant as Observer
                                                                                                    1. Complete Participant
                                                                                                    2. Observation Practices
                                                                                                      1. Systematic Observation
                                                                                                        1. Focused Observation
                                                                                                          1. Descriptive Observation
                                                                                                            1. Selective Observation
                                                                                                            2. Fieldnote Writing
                                                                                                              1. Descriptive Notes
                                                                                                                1. Analytic Memos
                                                                                                                  1. Personal Reflections
                                                                                                                    1. Methodological Notes
                                                                                                                      1. Organization Systems
                                                                                                                    2. Textual and Documentary Analysis
                                                                                                                      1. Document Types
                                                                                                                        1. Archival Materials
                                                                                                                          1. Policy Documents
                                                                                                                            1. Media Sources
                                                                                                                              1. Personal Documents
                                                                                                                                1. Official Records
                                                                                                                                2. Document Access and Selection
                                                                                                                                  1. Archive Navigation
                                                                                                                                    1. Permission Requirements
                                                                                                                                      1. Sampling Strategies
                                                                                                                                      2. Analysis Techniques
                                                                                                                                        1. Content Analysis
                                                                                                                                          1. Thematic Analysis
                                                                                                                                            1. Historical Analysis
                                                                                                                                              1. Critical Reading
                                                                                                                                              2. Discourse Analysis
                                                                                                                                                1. Identifying Discourses
                                                                                                                                                  1. Power Relations Analysis
                                                                                                                                                    1. Language and Meaning
                                                                                                                                                      1. Contextual Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                    2. Visual Methods
                                                                                                                                                      1. Photo-elicitation Techniques
                                                                                                                                                        1. Researcher-generated Images
                                                                                                                                                          1. Participant-generated Images
                                                                                                                                                            1. Found Images
                                                                                                                                                              1. Interview Integration
                                                                                                                                                              2. Visual Data Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                1. Existing Photographs
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Film and Video
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Maps and Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Artwork and Graphics
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Participant-generated Visuals
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Photography Projects
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Drawing Exercises
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Collage Creation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Video Production
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Mental Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cognitive Map Elicitation
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sketch Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Spatial Perception Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Map Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Mobile and Embodied Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Go-along Interviews
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Walking Interviews
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Driving Interviews
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mobile Conversations
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spatial Context Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Walking Methodologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Walking Ethnography
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Transect Walks
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Guided Tours
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Solitary Walks
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Sensory Ethnography
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Multi-sensory Engagement
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Embodied Experience
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sensory Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Atmospheric Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Autoethnographic Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Personal Experience Documentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Reflexive Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Narrative Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Self-observation

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Designing Qualitative Research

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                  4. Data Analysis and Interpretation