Public Finance

8.

Social Insurance and Income Security

8.1.

Rationale for Social Insurance

8.1.1.

Market Failures in Private Insurance

8.1.1.1.

Adverse Selection

8.1.1.2.

8.1.1.3.

Incomplete Markets

8.1.2.

Paternalistic Rationales

8.1.2.1.

Myopia and Self-Control Problems

8.1.2.2.

Mandatory Participation

8.1.3.

Redistribution Objectives

8.1.4.

Political Economy Considerations

8.2.

Social Security Systems

8.2.1.

Old-Age Pensions

8.2.1.1.

Pay-As-You-Go vs. Funded Systems

8.2.1.2.

Defined Benefit vs. Defined Contribution

8.2.1.3.

Benefit Formulas

8.2.1.4.

Retirement Age Policies

8.2.2.

Disability Insurance

8.2.2.1.

Eligibility Criteria

8.2.2.2.

Benefit Determination

8.2.2.3.

Work Incentives

8.2.2.4.

Fraud and Abuse

8.2.3.

Survivors Benefits

8.2.3.1.

Spousal Benefits

8.2.3.2.

Children's Benefits

8.2.4.

Social Security Reform

8.2.4.1.

Privatization Proposals

8.2.4.2.

Parametric Reforms

8.2.4.3.

Transition Issues

8.3.

Unemployment Insurance

8.3.1.

Program Structure

8.3.1.1.

Eligibility Requirements

8.3.1.2.

Benefit Levels and Duration

8.3.1.3.

Financing Mechanisms

8.3.2.

Economic Effects

8.3.2.1.

Moral Hazard and Job Search

8.3.2.2.

Consumption Smoothing

8.3.2.3.

Macroeconomic Stabilization

8.3.3.

8.3.3.1.

Experience Rating

8.3.3.2.

Benefit Adequacy

8.3.3.3.

Extended Benefits

8.4.

Healthcare Systems

8.4.1.

8.4.1.1.

Part A (Hospital Insurance)

8.4.1.2.

Part B (Medical Insurance)

8.4.1.3.

Part C (Medicare Advantage)

8.4.1.4.

Part D (Prescription Drugs)

8.4.1.5.

Financing and Sustainability

8.4.2.

8.4.2.1.

Eligibility and Coverage

8.4.2.2.

Federal-State Partnership

8.4.2.3.

8.4.3.

Healthcare Reform

8.4.3.1.

The Affordable Care Act

8.4.3.2.

Universal Coverage Models

8.4.3.3.

Cost Control Mechanisms

8.4.4.

International Comparisons

8.4.4.1.

Single-Payer Systems

8.4.4.2.

Social Insurance Models

8.4.4.3.

Private Insurance Systems

8.5.

Income Support Programs

8.5.1.

Measuring Poverty and Inequality

8.5.1.1.

Poverty Thresholds and Guidelines

8.5.1.2.

Inequality Measures

8.5.1.2.1.

Gini Coefficient

8.5.1.2.2.

8.5.1.2.3.

Percentile Ratios

8.5.2.

Cash Transfer Programs

8.5.2.1.

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

8.5.2.2.

Supplemental Security Income

8.5.2.3.

Earned Income Tax Credit

8.5.2.4.

Child Tax Credit

8.5.3.

In-Kind Transfer Programs

8.5.3.1.

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

8.5.3.2.

Housing Assistance

8.5.3.3.

8.5.4.

Work Incentives and Welfare Reform

8.5.4.1.

Benefit Cliffs and Marginal Tax Rates

8.5.4.2.

Work Requirements

8.5.4.3.

8.5.4.4.

Welfare-to-Work Programs

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9. Political Economy of Public Finance