Power Systems Analysis

  1. Power System Protection
    1. Principles of Protection
      1. Reliability
        1. Dependability Requirements
          1. Security Requirements
          2. Selectivity
            1. Primary Protection Zones
              1. Backup Protection Coordination
              2. Speed
                1. Fault Clearing Time Requirements
                  1. Critical Clearing Time
                  2. Sensitivity
                    1. Minimum Fault Detection
                      1. Setting Considerations
                      2. Zones of Protection
                        1. Primary Protection
                          1. Zone Definition
                            1. Protection Schemes
                            2. Backup Protection
                              1. Local Backup
                                1. Remote Backup
                            3. Protection System Components
                              1. Instrument Transformers
                                1. Current Transformers
                                  1. Construction Types
                                    1. Accuracy Classes
                                      1. Saturation Effects
                                        1. Burden Calculations
                                        2. Voltage Transformers
                                          1. Electromagnetic VTs
                                            1. Capacitive VTs
                                              1. Accuracy Requirements
                                            2. Relays
                                              1. Electromechanical Relays
                                                1. Operating Principles
                                                  1. Characteristics
                                                  2. Static Relays
                                                    1. Electronic Components
                                                      1. Advantages over Electromechanical
                                                      2. Digital and Numerical Relays
                                                        1. Microprocessor-Based Relays
                                                          1. Communication Capabilities
                                                            1. Advanced Functions
                                                          2. Circuit Breakers
                                                            1. Types and Ratings
                                                              1. Voltage Ratings
                                                                1. Current Ratings
                                                                  1. Interrupting Capacity
                                                                  2. Operating Mechanisms
                                                                    1. Spring-Operated Mechanisms
                                                                      1. Hydraulic Mechanisms
                                                                        1. Pneumatic Mechanisms
                                                                    2. Protection Schemes
                                                                      1. Overcurrent Protection
                                                                        1. Time-Current Characteristics
                                                                          1. Definite Time Characteristics
                                                                            1. Inverse Time Characteristics
                                                                              1. Extremely Inverse Characteristics
                                                                              2. Coordination of Overcurrent Relays
                                                                                1. Time Coordination
                                                                                  1. Current Coordination
                                                                                    1. Coordination Time Intervals
                                                                                  2. Differential Protection
                                                                                    1. Principle of Operation
                                                                                      1. Kirchhoff's Current Law Application
                                                                                        1. Internal vs External Faults
                                                                                        2. Applications to Transformers and Generators
                                                                                          1. Transformer Differential Protection
                                                                                            1. Generator Differential Protection
                                                                                              1. CT Matching Requirements
                                                                                            2. Distance Protection
                                                                                              1. Zone Settings
                                                                                                1. Zone 1 Settings
                                                                                                  1. Zone 2 Settings
                                                                                                    1. Zone 3 Settings
                                                                                                    2. Application to Transmission Lines
                                                                                                      1. Impedance Measurement
                                                                                                        1. Reach Settings
                                                                                                          1. Directional Elements
                                                                                                        2. Generator Protection
                                                                                                          1. Stator Faults
                                                                                                            1. Stator Ground Fault Protection
                                                                                                              1. Stator Inter-Turn Fault Protection
                                                                                                              2. Rotor Faults
                                                                                                                1. Rotor Ground Fault Protection
                                                                                                                  1. Loss of Excitation Protection
                                                                                                                2. Transformer Protection
                                                                                                                  1. Differential Protection Schemes
                                                                                                                    1. Percentage Differential
                                                                                                                      1. Harmonic Restraint
                                                                                                                      2. Overcurrent Protection
                                                                                                                        1. Primary Side Protection
                                                                                                                          1. Secondary Side Protection
                                                                                                                          2. Buchholz Relay
                                                                                                                            1. Gas Accumulation Detection
                                                                                                                              1. Oil Flow Detection
                                                                                                                            2. Transmission Line Protection
                                                                                                                              1. Pilot Protection Schemes
                                                                                                                                1. Directional Comparison
                                                                                                                                  1. Phase Comparison
                                                                                                                                    1. Current Differential
                                                                                                                                    2. Auto-Reclosing
                                                                                                                                      1. Single-Phase Reclosing
                                                                                                                                        1. Three-Phase Reclosing
                                                                                                                                          1. Reclosing Coordination

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                                                                                                                                    9. Advanced and Modern Topics