Population Geography

  1. Migration: Patterns, Processes, and Theories
    1. Migration Concepts and Definitions
      1. Basic Terminology
        1. Migration vs Mobility
          1. Emigration and Immigration
            1. In-Migration and Out-Migration
              1. Net Migration
                1. Gross Migration
                2. Migration Streams and Systems
                  1. Origin-Destination Flows
                    1. Counter-Streams
                      1. Migration Systems
                        1. Migration Networks
                        2. Temporal Dimensions
                          1. Permanent Migration
                            1. Temporary Migration
                              1. Circular Migration
                                1. Return Migration
                                  1. Repeat Migration
                                  2. Spatial Scales
                                    1. Local Migration
                                      1. Regional Migration
                                        1. National Migration
                                          1. International Migration
                                        2. Types and Classifications of Migration
                                          1. Internal Migration
                                            1. Interregional Migration
                                              1. Rural-to-Urban Migration
                                                1. Urbanization Process
                                                  1. Push-Pull Factors
                                                    1. Selectivity Patterns
                                                      1. Integration Challenges
                                                      2. Urban-to-Rural Migration
                                                        1. Counter-Urbanization
                                                          1. Retirement Migration
                                                            1. Lifestyle Migration
                                                              1. Remote Work Effects
                                                              2. Inter-Urban Migration
                                                                1. Metropolitan Growth
                                                                  1. City-to-City Movement
                                                                    1. Economic Opportunities
                                                                  2. Intraregional Migration
                                                                    1. Suburban Migration
                                                                      1. Suburbanization Process
                                                                        1. Housing Preferences
                                                                          1. Transportation Access
                                                                          2. Intra-Urban Migration
                                                                            1. Residential Mobility
                                                                              1. Neighborhood Change
                                                                                1. Housing Market Dynamics
                                                                            2. International Migration
                                                                              1. Voluntary International Migration
                                                                                1. Economic Migration
                                                                                  1. Labor Migration
                                                                                    1. Skilled Migration
                                                                                      1. Business Migration
                                                                                      2. Family Migration
                                                                                        1. Family Reunification
                                                                                          1. Marriage Migration
                                                                                            1. Chain Migration
                                                                                            2. Lifestyle Migration
                                                                                              1. Retirement Migration
                                                                                                1. Amenity Migration
                                                                                                  1. Educational Migration
                                                                                                2. Forced Migration
                                                                                                  1. Refugees
                                                                                                    1. Political Persecution
                                                                                                      1. War and Conflict
                                                                                                        1. Human Rights Violations
                                                                                                        2. Asylum Seekers
                                                                                                          1. Protection Claims
                                                                                                            1. Integration Challenges
                                                                                                            2. Internally Displaced Persons
                                                                                                              1. Conflict Displacement
                                                                                                                1. Development Displacement
                                                                                                                  1. Disaster Displacement
                                                                                                                  2. Environmental Migration
                                                                                                                    1. Climate Change Effects
                                                                                                                      1. Natural Disasters
                                                                                                                        1. Environmental Degradation
                                                                                                                      2. Irregular Migration
                                                                                                                        1. Undocumented Migration
                                                                                                                          1. Human Trafficking
                                                                                                                            1. Smuggling Operations
                                                                                                                              1. Border Violations
                                                                                                                          2. Migration Theories and Models
                                                                                                                            1. Classical Migration Theories
                                                                                                                              1. Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
                                                                                                                                1. Distance and Migration
                                                                                                                                  1. Economic Motivations
                                                                                                                                    1. Demographic Selectivity
                                                                                                                                      1. Counter-Currents
                                                                                                                                        1. Urban Attraction
                                                                                                                                        2. Push-Pull Theory
                                                                                                                                          1. Push Factors
                                                                                                                                            1. Economic Hardship
                                                                                                                                              1. Political Instability
                                                                                                                                                1. Environmental Problems
                                                                                                                                                  1. Social Discrimination
                                                                                                                                                  2. Pull Factors
                                                                                                                                                    1. Economic Opportunities
                                                                                                                                                      1. Political Freedom
                                                                                                                                                        1. Environmental Quality
                                                                                                                                                          1. Social Amenities
                                                                                                                                                          2. Intervening Obstacles
                                                                                                                                                            1. Distance Barriers
                                                                                                                                                              1. Cultural Differences
                                                                                                                                                                1. Economic Costs
                                                                                                                                                            2. Behavioral Migration Models
                                                                                                                                                              1. Lee's Migration Model
                                                                                                                                                                1. Origin and Destination Factors
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Intervening Obstacles
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Personal Factors
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Decision-Making Process
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Place Utility Theory
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Residential Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Stress-Threshold Model
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Search Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Moving Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Economic Migration Theories
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Neoclassical Economic Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Wage Differentials
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Labor Market Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Individual Decision-Making
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Human Capital Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. New Economics of Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Household Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Risk Diversification
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Market Failures
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Relative Deprivation
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Dual Labor Market Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Primary and Secondary Markets
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structural Demand
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Segmented Labor Markets
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Social Migration Theories
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Social Network Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Migration Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Social Capital
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chain Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Community Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cumulative Causation Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Self-Perpetuating Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Community Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Culture of Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Migration Systems Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. System Linkages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Feedback Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. System Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Spatial Migration Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gravity Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Population Size Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Distance Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Intervening Opportunities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Model Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Intervening Opportunities Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Opportunity Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Competing Destinations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spatial Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Life Course and Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Zelinsky's Mobility Transition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pre-Modern Mobility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Early Transitional Mobility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Late Transitional Mobility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Advanced Mobility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Future Mobility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Life Course Perspectives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Age-Specific Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Family Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Career Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Retirement Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Consequences of Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Impacts on Origin Areas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Population Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Demographic Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Age Structure Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Gender Imbalances
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Economic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Labor Shortage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Remittance Flows
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Brain Drain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Economic Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Social and Cultural Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Family Separation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cultural Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Social Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Community Cohesion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Impacts on Destination Areas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Population Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Demographic Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Age Structure Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cultural Diversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Economic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Labor Market Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wage Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Economic Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fiscal Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Social and Cultural Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cultural Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Social Tensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Community Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Service Provision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Urban and Housing Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Housing Demand
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Urban Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Infrastructure Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Spatial Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Impacts on Migrants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Economic Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Employment Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Income Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Occupational Mobility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Social Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Language Acquisition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Social Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cultural Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Psychological Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Migration Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Identity Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mental Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Migration Measurement and Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Migration Data Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Census Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Administrative Records
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Survey Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Border Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Migration Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Migration Rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Migration Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Migration Turnover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Net Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Measurement Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Definition Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Data Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Temporal Comparability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Spatial Boundaries

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                8. Population and Environment Interactions